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大家一起来学英汉翻译 - 芯芷整理 -
第1章 Unit 1 Stories

一、Bill Morrow's Birthday Party
(一)解说:
1. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill's birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.
此句中“his”为代词,出现在先,“Bill”这实词,出现在后,这是英语的习惯表达法。译成汉语时,往往先出现实词,后出现代词。此句应译为“比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国,好几次都赶上在北京过生日。”

2. "On these occasions he was given a dinner in his honour and Premier Zhou En-lai would attend."
短语“On these occasions”意为上句提到的在北京所过的生日,故译作“每次”较为恰当。

3. 'all Nanjing will enjoy it too,'
此句运用了修辞手法—借代。“Nanjing”指的是“住在南京的人”。汉语中也有借代,故英译汉时应保留该修辞手法,以达到保留原作风格的目的。全句可译为“全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。”

4. 英语中被动语态用得比较多,汉语里有,但用得少。本短文里共有六处被动语态,可根据上下文情况做出调整。
第一处:On these occasions he was given a dinner in his honour and Premier Zhou En-lai would attend. 可译作“每次主人总要为他举行宴会,周恩来总理也出席。”
第二处:such as when he was taken in a boat down the Grand Canal...可译作“比如在他乘船沿大运河南下的时候,”
第三处:Or when he was shown over the great Nanjing bridge,可译作“再比如参观南京长江大桥,”
第四处:He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on,可译作“天快黑了,人家给了他一把椅子,请他坐下等一会儿。”
第五处:then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.可译作“忽然电灯全亮了,照出了整个大桥的轮廓。”
第六处:'all Nanjing will enjoy it too,' he was told.可译作“大家对他说:‘全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。’”

(二)参考译文:

比尔·莫罗的寿宴
比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国,好几次者赶上在北京过生日。每次,主人总要为他举行宴会,周恩来总理也出席。他还记得第一次生日宴会的情景:
我在饭店吃饭,最后总是吃冰激凌。我吃得津津有味,惹得那些女服务员发笑。这次生日宴会,周恩来在场。快到结束的时候,他站起来,走到柜台前,要了一杯冰激凌,放在我面前——别忘了,他可是总理呀!他对我说:“这是为您准备的。”我说:“没想到您会说英语呀。”他笑了起来,接着说:“一点点。”一面说着,一面用食指和拇指比划着。后来有时候我们单独在一起,他就跟我说英语。
“这是为您准备的。”这句话,比尔·莫罗在许多难忘的场合听到过——比如在他乘般沿大运河南下的时候,从旁边驶过的每一条般都拉响汽笛,表示敬意。再比如参观南京长江大桥;在修这座桥以前,要靠渡般在这里运送火车过江。参观大桥的时候,天快黑了,人家给了他一把椅子,请他坐下等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了,照出了整个大桥的轮廓。“这是为您准备的。”他不满地说道:“你们不应该费这么多电,就为了让我高兴。”人家对他说:“全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。”
比尔·莫罗想了解一些新的情况,周恩来就安排北京大学的专家向他作介绍。比尔说:“我在国内不过是个流浪汉,而你们在这里却把我当成一位要人。”周恩来却说:“您做过些什么,我们是知道的。”


二、The Story of My Life (Excerpt 2)
(一)解说:
1. I felt approaching footsteps. 我感到有人走近。
"approaching"是现在分词,作定语,修辞"footsteps"。 字面意思为“渐近的脚步”。为了符合汉语表达习惯,全句译作“我感到有人走近。”

2. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. 于是我伸出了手,以为把手伸向母亲。
此句与上一句在内容上接得很紧,而且都很短。故加了“于是”加强衔接。
"as I suppose"意为:以为。

3. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more that all things else, to love me. 不知是谁抓住了我的手,把我拉过去,紧紧地搂在她的怀里。就是她教我认识了世上的各种事物,而且不仅如此,她还疼爱我。
"who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more that all things else, to love me"是定语从句。译成汉语时可单独成句,以符合汉语的表达方式。
限定性定语从句的翻译方法一般分为三种:(1)合并法,即在句式较短的情况下,将定语从句用“…的”结构译出;(2)分译法,即化整为零,分别翻译——对于长而复杂的定语从句,我们可以采取此法;(3)混合法,即打破原文的定语结构,译者根据自己对原文的正确理解,用自己的话译出原文的意思。本句采用了分译法。
"reveal sth. to sb." 意为:make sth. known to sb. 让某人知晓某物。

4. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride. 我终于把这几个字母写对了,这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。
"flush" 意为:(of a person's face) become red because of a rush of blood to the skin; blush (指人的面部)变红,发红。
例:Mary flushed crimson with embarrassment. 玛丽羞得脸红了。
本句对“flush”的处理应考虑到短语“childish pleasure and pride”,这里的形容词加名词的表述被译成汉语时用副词加动词更通顺,所以主句译作“这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲”。

5. I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation. 不过是像猴子一样用手指模仿而已。
“monkey-like imitation”这个形容词加名词的短语同样被处理成状语加动词,即“像猴子一样模仿”。

6. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomhending way a great many words. 往后我这样学着拼写,虽然并不理解意思,却也拼出了许多词。
“in this uncomhending way”在译成汉语时可拿出来单独处理。因为如译作“以不理解的方式学拼写”则很费解,因此译文把形容词uncomhending抽出来,放在后面单独处理,译作“虽然并不理解意思”。

7. I left the wellhouse eager to learn. 我满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台。
前面省略了一些情节,主要是老师在屋里教她“水”这个词,她怎么也弄不明白,后来她们来到进边,她一接触水,就全明白了。所以她“满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台”。

8. As we returned to the house every object which I touched seemed to quiver with life. 回到屋里以后,仿佛我所接触的每一件东西都活了。
“quiver”意为:tremble slightly or vibrate微震;震颤,“quiver with life”意译为“活了”。

9. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. 因为我是用刚刚产生的这种新奇的视角来看待一切的。
“strange”在本句中不是“奇怪的”,而是“陌生的”、“不熟悉的”。“sight”如译作“视力”太具体,必竟她是个盲人,故译作“视角”。

10. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. 我摸索着走到壁炉前,捡起碎片。
“hearth”意为:area in front of a fireplace 炉前区域,壁炉边。

11. I tried vainly to put them together. 我想把这些碎片拼在一起,可是拼不起来。
“vainly”意为:uselessly or futilely 无用的;无效的;徒劳的。这个副词经常是拿到后面单独处理的。所以译作“可是拼不起来”。

12. ..., and for the first time I felt repentance and sorrow. …,我第一次感到后悔,感到难过。
“repentance”意为:regret or sorrow for wrongdoing 因做错事而懊悔。

13. Like Aaron's rod, with flowers. 就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。
这个典故出自《旧约·民数记》第17章第8节。外国人都熟悉,所以作者没有提《圣经》。为了帮助中国读者了解,译文加了“就像《圣经》上说的”几个字。
关于这个典故概述如下:
摩西得十诫这后,以色列人中有个名叫可拉的,纠集二百五十个有名望的首领,攻击摩西、亚伦(Aaron),遭到耶和华的惩罚,活活地堕落阴间。
耶和华对摩西说:
“你晓谕以色列人,从他们每一支派的首领那里取来一根杖,共取十二根。你要将各人的名字写在各人的杖上,在利未支派的杖上写上亚伦的名字。你要把这些杖存放在会幕内法柜前,就是我与你相会之处。后来我拣选的那人,他的杖必定发芽。”
于是摩西晓谕以色列人,他们的支派首领就把杖交给他,按着十二支派,每个首领一根,共有十二根。亚伦的杖也在其中。摩西把这些杖存放在法柜的帐幕内。
第二天,摩西走进法柜的帐幕,发现利未支派亚伦的杖头已经发了芽,生了花苞,开了花,结了熟杏。
摩西就把所有的杖从耶和华面前拿出来,给以色列人看。他们全看见亚伦的杖头发了芽开了花。各首领都把自己的杖领回去,唯有亚伦的杖还放在法柜前,给那些背叛之子留作记号。

14. It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me...在这个意义重大的日子即将结束的时候,我躺在小床上回顾一天的欢乐,恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。
“It would have been difficult...”是作者的感受,在汉语里一般放在句末。

(二)参考译文:

我的生活(摘录2)
海伦·凯勒
我感到有人走近,于是伸出了手,以为是把手伸向母亲。不知是谁抓住了我的手,把我拉过去,紧紧地搂在她的怀里。就是她教我认识了世上的各种事物,而且不仅如此,她还疼爱我。
老师来了以后,第二天早上就把我领到她的屋里,给了我一个布娃娃。娃娃是帕金斯盲童学校的学生送我的,是劳拉·布里几曼把他打扮起来的,这都是我后来才知道的。我拿着娃娃玩了一会儿之后,沙利文小姐就在我手心里慢慢地写了几个字母:“d-o-l-l”(娃娃)。我马上对这种用手指在手心里写字的游戏产生了兴趣,接着就模仿起来。我终于把这几个字母写对了,这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。我跑下楼去找母亲,向她伸出手拼写“娃娃”这个词。当时我并不知道自己是在拼写一个词,甚至不知道有所谓词,不过是像猴子一样用手指模仿而已。往后我就这样学着拼写,虽然并不理解意思,却也拼出了许多词,其中有pin (别针),hat(帽子),cup(茶杯),还有几个动词,如sit(坐),stand(站),walk(走)。老师教了我好几个星期以后我才知道每样东西都是有名称的。
……
我满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台。每件东西都有名字,每个名字都引出一个新的概念。回到屋里以后,仿佛我所接触的每一件东西都活了,因为我是用刚刚产生的这种新奇的视角来看待一切的。一进门,我就想起了被我摔碎的娃娃。我摸索着走到壁炉前,捡起碎片。我想把这些碎片拼在一起,可是拼不起来了。我的眼里随即充满了泪水,因为我意识到自己做了一件什么事,我第一次感到后悔,感到难过。
那一天我学了许多新词,也记不清都有哪些词了。但是其中肯定有“母亲”、“父亲”、“姐姐”、“老师”——后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前,就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。在这个意义重大的日子即将结束的时候,我躺在小床上回顾一天的欢乐,恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。我生平第一次盼望新的一天快快到来。

三、我为乘客服务
(一)解说:
1. 有一次,在拥挤的车厢门口,我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一个女乘客:“您下车吗?” Once I heard a man politely ask a woman in front of him at the crowded door of the bus, "Are you getting off?"
原文中的“车厢”从下一段的“60路”可以得知是公交车的车厢而不是火车车厢,故译作“bus”。
原文中的“男乘客”和“女乘客”因已有地点限制,故分别译作“a man”和“a woman”即可,“passenger”一词不必译出。
同理,原文中的“下车”也只需译成“get off”,而无须译作“get off the bus”。此处译文用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。

2. 随后的两个“下车”都译作“Getting off”,因为在口语中“are you”部分通常被省略。

3. 他急了,捅了一下那女乘客,也引得车厢里的人都往这里看。Very much irritated, he gave her a slight push, which attracted the attention of other passengers.
译文中的“Very much irritated”是过去分词短语作状语,它的逻辑主语就是主句中的“he”。
译文中的“which”引导非限制性定语从句,指前半句说的这件事。

4. 见此情景,我猛然想起在60路沿线上有家福利工厂,女乘客可能就是个聋哑人听不见声音。At this point, I suddenly remembered that there was a welfare factory on the route of Bus No. 60 and that the woman might be a deaf mute from there.
原文中的“见此情景”译作“at this point”,意为“此刻”,和后面的“猛然”在语气上前后呼应。
译文中的“from there”是根据原文添加的。这个聋哑女乘客应该是福利工厂的。
原文中的“听不见声音”没有译出,因为已经说明是聋哑人了。

5. 我赶忙向男乘客作了解释,又…… I told the man what I was thinking and then ......
此句不能直接用“explain”来翻译,因为“explain”是及物动词,要有宾语,但此处没有宾语。

6. 举到女乘客的眼前:… When I showed it to the woman, ......
此原文被处理成一个时间状语从句并往后移到“女乘客点了点头,把道让开了。”的前面。这样处理后,原文引号中的内容就直接跟在“又用纸条写了一句话”的后面,非常紧凑;女乘客看了纸条上的字后点头让道也很自然。

7. 从此以后,我就特别注意聋哑人的特征,…… Since then, I have paid special attention to those who look like deaf mutes.
“我”并不是简单地注意聋哑人的特征,而是留意哪些人看起来像聋哑人,他可以去帮助他们,故“特征”一词不必译出来,而是根据原文意思将其译成“to those who look like deaf mutes”。

8. 比如,我可以用哑语问他们:…… with which I can say such things as ......
原句和上一句是断开的,但在译成英语时用了一个介词前置的定语从句直接跟在上一句后面。这样处理也十分紧凑。

9. 这样,不仅我能更好地为他们服务,也减少了一些他们与其他乘客的误会和纠纷。In this way, I can render them better service and be friends with them and also reduce their misunderstandings and conflicts with other passengers.
译文中用了“and ... and ...and also”来表示递进关系。
原文“与他们进行感情交流”没有逐字翻译,而是译作“be friends with them”。

(二)参考译文:
How I Serve the Passengers
by Li Suli
Once I heard a man politely ask a woman in front of him at the crowded door of the bus, "Are you getting off?" The woman made no response. "Getting off?" he asked again. The woman still made no response. "Getting off, or not?" he shouted, as he was getting impatient, but there was still no response. "Are you deaf, or dumb?" he burst out. Very much irritated, he gave her a slight push, which attracted the attention of other passengers. Also irritated, the woman stared at him and hit back.
At this point, I suddenly remembered that there was a welfare factory on the route of Bus No. 60 and that the woman might be a deaf mute from there. I told the man what I was thinking and then I wrote on a slip of paper: "Excuse me, but he wants to get off. He's asked you several times, but you didn't seem to hear him. Right?" When I showed it to the woman, she nodded and made way for him.
Since then I have paid special attention to those who look like deaf mutes. I have learned from them some sign language with which I can say such things as "Hello, how are you?" "Where are you going?" "Please move on!" "Thanks!" In this way, I can render them better service and be friends with them and also reduce their misunderstandings and conflicts with other passengers.
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-4-20 15:50:17编辑过]

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2007-2-27 22:01:00
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第二課, 今天爭取看第三課

第2章 Unit 2 History
1. 历史文章选篇。其特点是:介绍历史情况,说明事实,并阐发其意义。语言正式,概括性强,不作过细的描写。
2. 语言对比:
(1) 重复与代称。英语不喜重复,多用代称。汉语不怕重复,多用实称,少用代称。
例1) Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming.
取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。
2) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.
不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。
3) 我们说长征是历史记录上的第一次,长征是宣言书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机。
We answer that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annuals of history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding-machine.
(2) 定语从句。英语大量使用定语从句,可以体现出句子的层次。汉译时可以使用前置法放在被修饰语之前,或按照原来的顺序,在原地处理,译成并列分句,或移至句首,提前处理。汉译英时注意使用定语从句,灵活采用前置法、后置法、混合法。
例1) I suspect not everyone who loves the country would be happy living the way we do.
我想不是所有热爱乡村的人都会乐意过我们的这种生活。
2) Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees.
动者将罚款50卢比。
3) Its numerical evaluation is determined by a small subsection of that society which has managed to foist itself on the rest of us as an arbiter of such matters.
它的数值是由那个社会中的一小部分人决定的,他们作为这类事情的仲裁人已设法把他们的意志强加在我们身上。
4) There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized
某些金属既能导电,又能被磁化。
3. 考核要求:翻译中有处理下列问题的能力:
(1) 所选历史文章的特点及理解方面的难点
(2) 重复与代称
(3) 定语从句


Exercise 4
The Industrial Revolution
一、解说
1、The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760.
工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。
a train of:“一长串”,这里可根据上下文译成“一系列”
change: n. (an example of) the act or result of changing,这里译成”变革“更好。
2、It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.
It is not alone = it is not the only one 因此译成“它不是唯一的一次革命”更好。
triad: a group of 3 closely related people or things
tri-= three
one of a triad of revolutions:三大革命之一。
of which 引导一个非限制性定语从句:the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.这个非限制性定语从句本身又包含两个限制性定语从句:that started in 1775和that started in 1789分别修饰the American Revolution 和the French Revolution,英汉翻译时,一般来说,非限制性定语从句与中心词分句翻译,限制性定语从句,特别是不长的,翻译时放在中心词之前。因此,句子可以译成:
它不是唯一的一次革命,而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。
3、It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The Industrial Revolution is simply the English way of making those social changes, I think of it as the English Revolution.
packet: 包裹,这里是隐喻
译文:把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起,或许有点奇怪。但是,事实上,它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。
4、What makes it especially English?
在此,English= of / belong to England ; especially = particularly
译文:是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢?
5、The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the blacksmith.这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人:磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。
6、What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside. 扎根于农村,正是这场革命的英国特色。
这是一句强调句式的句子。等于The fact that the Industrial Revolution is rooted in the countryside makes it particularly English.
类例:
What worried him was that he had never had such experiences before.
7、During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers.
在18世纪上半叶,在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时,英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。
an Indian summer不能直接译成“印地安夏季”。翻译过程中,不仅要根据上下文理解理解语言现象、理解逻辑关系,还要理解原文所涉及的事物,这里an Indian summer:的意思是a pleasant or successful time nearly at the end of a particular period, such as the end of someone's life,因此译成“最后的极盛时期”才符合原文意义。类例:John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。这里eat no fish 指“忠实”,Play the game= play fair(规规矩矩地比赛),转义为“公平对待”、“举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。
8、The summer faded. 繁荣消失。
9、The organisation of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough.  
以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。
这里使用了增词法。Organization是由动词派生出来的抽象名词,在译成汉语时,在其后增加适当的名词,可以更清楚地表达抽象意义,并使译文更符合汉语习惯。
类例:When you have made all the parations, please inform me in time.
一切准备工作就绪后,请及时告之。
10、Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed.
在两代人的时间内,大约从1760年到1820年,传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。
11、Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.
在1760年以前,通常是把工作交给村民,让他们在家里干。到了1820年,则通常是把工人带进工厂,让他们在监督之下干活。
句中standard的意思是used or accepted as normal or average 所以译成“一般”、“通常”更好。
二、参考译文
工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。它不是唯一的一次革命,而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起,或许有点奇怪。但是,事实上,它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。
是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢?不言而喻,因为它开始于英国。英国那时已经成为头号的制造业国家。不过当时的制造业只是农家手工业,而工业革命就是在农村开始的。这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人:磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。扎根于农村,正是这场革命的英国特色。
在18世纪上半叶,在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时,英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。繁荣消失。贸易竞争越来越激烈。到18世纪末,工业的需求更加紧张,更加迫切。以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。在两代人的时间内,大约从1760年到1820年,传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。在1760年以前,通常是把工作交给村民,让他们在家里干。到了1820年,则通常是把工人带进工厂,让他们在监督之下干活。
Exercise 5
Machines and Science Help Farmers
一、解说
1、本练习选自《美国历史简介》的REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE章节。
2、Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation's basic occupation. = Although there had been great gains in industry, agriculture continued to be the basic occupation.
gains: increasing in weight, speed, height or amount这里是increasing in speed的意思
occupation: 表示“a person's job"时,在较正规的场合用。如果译成:
“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但农业始终是国家的基本事业。”不是很自然,不如意译成:
“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但这个国家仍然以农业为主。”更为通顺。
注意:
在直译不能很好地表达原文的意义时,可以意译,使译文读起来更通顺。但是意译不是胡来乱译,一定要忠实于原文。
3、The revolution in agriculture -- paralleling that in manufacturing after the Civil War -- involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture.
parallel something: happen at the same time 与...同时发生
that:指前面提到的the revolution
involve: bring about导致
a shift from... to...从...到...的转变
译文:
战后,在制造业领域内发生革命的同时,农业领域内也在发生一场革命,带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。这里subsistence直译成“维持生计”让人不能理解,应译为“自耕自给农业”。翻译时要根据上下文来理解。这里我们使用了增词法,增加“农业”使译文更通顺。本句的翻译也用到结构转换的理论。
4、Between 1860 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States tripled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million, while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares. 在一八六O年至一九一○年间,美国的农场数目增加了两倍,自二百万个增加到六百万个,耕地的面积扩大了一倍多,从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。
5、Between 1860 and 1890, the production of such basic commodities as wheat, corn and cotton outstripped all vious figures in the United States. 从一八六O年至一八九O年,各种基本农产品的生产,如小麦、玉米和棉花等,都超过了美国以前的产量。
6、In the same period, the nation's population more than doubled, with largest growth in the cities. 同时,全国人口也增加一倍多,城市人口增长最快。
7、But the American farmer grew enough grain and cotton, raised enough beef and pork, and clipped enough wool not only to supply American workers and their families but also to create ever-increasing surpluses.
然而,美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花,提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉,收剪的羊毛,不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要,并且剩余量日益增加。
8、Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the West. Another was the application of machinery to farming.
extraordinary :非凡的;惊人的
account for: explain
farming:耕作
译文:
取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。
9、The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut 20 percent of a hectare of wheat a day. With the cradle, 30 years later, he might cut 80 percent of a hectare daily. 在一八○○年,一个农民使用镰刀,在一天之内,可望收割五分之一公顷小麦,但三十年后,使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀,每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。
10、In 1840 Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the reaper, the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years. 到一八四O年,麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机,竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。
注意这里定语从句he had been developing for nearly 10 years使用“合并法”翻译,译文中该从句放在被修饰词之前。
11、Foreseeing the demand, he headed west to the young prairie town of Chicago, where he set up a factory -- and by 1860 sold a quarter of a million reapers.
where he set up a factory为非限制性定语从句,用“分译法”翻译
Foreseeing the demand现在分词短语作状语,主句中headed和sold为并列的两个动词作谓语。
a quarter of a million:1/4百万,也就是“25万”。
译文:
由于他的远见,他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥,在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年,他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。
12、Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science.
本句因为Scarcely放于句首,句子倒装。
Scarcely less important这里可以采用反译法。译成“几乎同等重要”。类例:I never see her but I want to kiss her.我每次看见她都想吻她。
译文:
在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。
13、In 1862 the Morrill Land Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 一八六二年,根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”,国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关,另一方面,也是农业科学的研究中心。
14、Congress subsequently appropriated funds for the creation of agricultural experiment stations throughout the country and also granted funds directly to the Department of Agriculture for research purposes.
appropriated:拨专款后来
译文:
国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站,并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。
15、By the beginning of the new century, scientists throughout the United States were at work on a wide variety of agricultural projects.
在新世纪开始时,在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。
二、参考译文
机器和科学帮助农民
尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但这个国家仍然以农业为主。 战后,在制造业领域内发生革命的同时,农业领域内也在发生一场革命,带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。在一八六O年至一九一○年间,美国的农场数目增加了两倍,自二百万个增加到六百万个,耕地的面积扩大了一倍多,从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。
从一八六O年至一八九O年,各种基本农产品的生产,如小麦、玉米和棉花等,都超过了美国以前的产量。同时,全国人口也增加一倍多,城市人口增长最快。然而,美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花,提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉,收剪的羊毛,不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要,并且剩余量日益增加。
取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。在一八○○年,一个农民使用镰刀,在一天之内,可望收割五分之一公顷小麦,但三十年后,使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀,每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。到一八四O年,麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机,竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。由于他的远见,他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥,在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年,他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。
在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。一八六二年,根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”,国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关,另一方面,也是农业科学的研究中心。后来,国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站,并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。在新世纪开始时,在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。
Exercise 6
五四运动
一、解说
1、本练习选自《北京日报》,简述了五四运动的历史和意义。
2、第一次世界大战后,帝国主义对中国加紧侵略,北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降,对内残酷压迫人民,给中国带来了深重的民族危机。
1)第一次世界大战:可译为the First World War “第二次世界大战”可译为:the Second World War, World War Two, World War II。
2)汉语句子往往把逻辑意义隐含在字里行间,译成英语时需要用连接词或时态表现出来。本句描述五四运动的历史背景:从国内和国外两方面的势力讲,可用while连接。
“给中国带来了深重的民族危机”,表示结果,英语中可用分词短语、不定式、so that引导从句等方式表示。这里,用分词短语表示较合适。
类例:
1949年她丈夫死了,给她丢下了五个孩子。
Her husband died in 1949, leaving her with five children.
他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。
They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen.
译文:第一次世界大战后,帝国主义对中国加紧侵略,北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降,对内残酷压迫人民,给中国带来了深重的民族危机。
After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, landing China in a grave national crisis.

3、一九一九年“巴黎和会”上中国外交的失败,激起了中国人民的极大愤慨。
China's diplomatic setback at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people.
4、五月四日,北京三千多学生在天安门前集会,他们高呼“外争国权,内惩国贼”、“废除二十一条”等口号,举行示威游行。
原文是一个复句,在翻译时,一般首先从逻辑上仔细分析,弄清各分句之间的关系,区分开哪个分句为主,然后按照英语表达习惯,适当处理,一般,从属的分句可采用非限定性短语或介词短语来表达,或通过增加关联词或从句形式来处理。本句“三千多学生”和“他们”是指同一个动作的发出者,因此“集会”和“举行示威游行”可以列为同一主语下的并列的动词作谓语,而“高呼”在此表示“集会”和“举行示威游行”的状态,因此应从属于前面两动作,用现在分词表示较合适。
译文:
On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as "Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors! ", "Abolish the Twenty-one Demands!"
5、他们要求惩办卖国贼曹汝霖、陆宗舆、章宗祥,并火烧了曹宅,痛打了章宗祥。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压,捕去学生30多名。
They demand the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxi-ang be punished. They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang. The government called out troops and policemen to supress the demonstrators. Over thirty students were arrested.
这里根据英语动词supss的需要,增加了原文中省略的动词的宾语“the demonstrators”。另外把句子“北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压,捕去学生30多名。”用断句法翻译更好。因为用被动句式翻译“捕去学生30多名”,这篇历史性的报道显得更客观。
6、 那时候,各地学生纷纷响应北京学生的反帝爱国斗争。具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子李大钊、毛泽东、周恩来等同志分别在北京、长沙、天津,指导了这场伟大的反帝运动。
原文中的“纷纷”较难译,“响应”不能简单地译为“respond to",分别意译成“one...after another..."和“support"较好。
具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子:intellectuals with the rudiments of communism
译文:
Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing. The intellectuals with the rudiments of communism, Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other comrades supervised this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.
7、六月三日,北京学生组织演讲队,开展大规模的宣传活动,军阀政府对学生的镇压变本加厉,捕去170多人。
"捕去170多人"用被动语态翻译更适合语境。
On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda. The government intensified its supssion and over 170 students were arrested.
8、“六、三”以后,主要是青年学生参加的五四爱国运动,发展成为无产阶级、小资产阶级和民族资历产阶级共同参加的全国范围的革命运动。无产阶级成为运动的主力。上海、唐山、长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威,中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台,暗示了他的伟大力量。
根据上下文,这里的“纷纷”表示“多”。
From then on, the May 4th patriotic movement, which had been conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide revolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay. Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations. For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.
9、在全国人民反帝爱国的压力下,北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生,撤消三个卖国贼的职务,拒绝在德国“和约”上签字,反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。
原文是一个没有关联词的较长的复句,如果同样译成一个长句,在结构上有困难,语意也不清楚,可以通过断句法来处理。原文是一句先分后总的总分复句,翻译时可在句子的结尾部分断句,即将最后的总结部分(“反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利”)断开,单独译作一句。
译文:
Under the Pressure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and refuse to sign in the "Peace Treaty" with Germany. This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism."
10、五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动,它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合,在思想上、干部上为中国产党的成立作了准备,是中国新民主主义革命的开端。
原文是一句先总后分的总分复句,可以把总说部分单独译成一句。后面分说部分可以译成一句并列复句。由于分说部分有三层明显的意义,所以也可以分别译成独立的三个句子。
译文:
The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism. It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement. It paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution.
二、参考译文
The May 4th Movement
After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, thus landing China in a grave national crisis. China's diplomatic setback at the Pans Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people. On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as "Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!", "Abolish the Twenty-one Demands! " They called for punishment to be meted out to the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang. They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang. The government called out troops and policemen to supss the demonstrators and over thirty students were arrested.
Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing. Comrades Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other intellectuals who already had some knowledge of communism guided this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.
On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda. The government intensified its supssion and arrested over 170 students. From this point on, the May 4th patriotic movement, hitherto conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide evolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay. Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations. For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.
Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students it had arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and withhold its signature from the "Peace Treaty" with Germany. This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.
The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism. It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement, and it paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution
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第三課

第3章 Unit 3 Geography
本单元的课文和练习文章都是描述地理风貌的,在翻译时尽量使用客观性的语言,不参杂个人情感,甚至可用无主句。在翻译风土人情时往往涉及的知识面较宽,需要译者在平时多注意积累,这样翻译才能到位,不聊中啊?BR> 在语言对比方面的重点是:
一、动词
无论是英语还是汉语,动词是最常用的词了。因此要做好翻译工作,译好动词的重要性更是显而易见的了。
(一)要选译适当的动词。英语和汉语虽然在动宾搭配方面有许多共同之处,但是仍然存在着不少的差别。如to cut wheat割麦子;to cut cake切蛋糕;to cut finger-nails剪指甲。因此在翻译时要各自的表达习惯选择适当的动词。
例1) He is in trouble. 他有麻烦了。
例2) Helen was so aggressive while talking about her dog.当海伦谈到她的狗时,兴致勃勃。(省略动词)
例3) I saw her wandering in the street wearing sun glasses and a thick jacket. 我看见她戴着太阳镜,穿着厚茄克,在街上闲逛。
例4) Please keep me informed as soon as you got the news. 请你一得到消息就通知我。
(二)英语的非动词形式转译成汉语的动词。英语主谓机制突出,一个句子往往动词少,名词多,尤其是抽象名词用得多,常靠词的形态变化来表达意思;汉语没有形态变化,重动态描写,所以汉语动词用得多,表达意思时往往借助动词,按时间及逻辑顺序层层交待。在英译汉时,英语中的许多意思都可以用汉语的动词来表达。
1. 英语中具有动作意义的名词或由动词转化过来的名词,汉译时往往可转化为动词。
例1) They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase. 他们举行罢工,要求工资增加40%。
例2) She was English and French teacher for two years at that school. 她在那所学校教过两年英文和法文。
2. 英语里介词很多,汉语中介词少,作用也没有英语那么多。英语介词多与名词构成介词短语。汉语中动词或动词词组可以充当句中的任何成分,所以在翻译时,许多介词可以翻译成动词。
例1) He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand.他在公园散步,手里拿着一把伞。
3. 有时形容词也可以汉译成动词。
例1) Don't be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要惧怕那些想法可能比你高明,或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。
4. 当英语动词的意义不易用汉语动词表达,或不能表达行很准确时,可以把动词转译为名词。
例1) The book did not imss me at all. 那本书没给我留下什么印象。
5. 如果英语动词译成汉语动词时跟前后的修饰语不好搭配;或搭配起来不符合汉语习惯,可以把动词译成名词,再在名词前加上与之搭配的动词。
例1) The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。
二、分词短语
分词短语分为两种:现在分词短语和过去分词短语,在英语中很常见。从句法结构上来讲,分词的动作是由主语发出的,反过来说就是原句的主语就是分词短语的逻辑主语。在英译汉时,往往会根据汉语的表达习惯补全分词的主语。大汉译英时,可以把汉语的某个分句译成英语的分词短语,但一定要注意主语一致问题,否则很容易出错。
例1) 他急了,捅了一下那女乘客,也引得车厢里的人都往这里看。Very much irritated, he gave her a slight push, which attracted the attention of other passengers.
“急了”用过去分词短语译出,“他”挪到后面作全句的主语。
例2) 女乘客这时也急了,瞪起一双眼睛回手给了男乘客一拳。Also irritated, the woman stared at him and hit back.
例3) At the edge of a nearlby canal, donkeys laden with freshly harvested alfalfa waited for their masters to lead them home, braying a fretful counterpoint to the steady thud of an irriagation pump. 在附近一条水渠旁,驴子背上驮着刚割的苜蓿,等着主人牵它们回家去,一面发出一阵阵急促的叫声,和浇地的水泵不断发出的突突声交织在一起。
“braying...”是现在分词短语,表示伴随状态,顺着译下来就可以了。
例4) Standing on a sandy beach at the mouth of the Rosetta branch of the Nile, I was puzzled by what seemed a ghost town...洛塞塔河是 尼罗河入海处的一个支流,我站在河口的沙滩上看到一个小镇,感到迷惑不解……
原句的主语“I”被提到现在分词短语的前面译出。
三、被动语态
被动语态在英语中使用的范围非常广。如果说话者不想说出动作的发出者或者没有必要说出或者根本无从说起时,就会使用被动语态。被动语态中的主语实际上是谓语动词动作的承受者,它和谓语动词之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。英语被动句把所要说明的人或物放在主要的位置上,突出了行为的对象,因此较少主观色彩。汉语中虽也有被动句,但使用范围较狭窄,许多被动意义的句子是用无主句的形式来表达的。英语被动句的译法比较灵活,翻译时要根据句子的整体结构采用合适的方法来处理。下面介绍几种常见的译法:
(一)译成汉语的主动句
1. 原文的主语在译文中仍作主语
例1) The novel A dream of Red Mansions has been translated into many foreign languages. 小说《红楼梦》已译成许多外国文字。
例2) All of the questions have been settled satisfactorily. 所有的问题都已圆满解决了。
2. 原文的主语在译文中作宾语
例1) Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. 现代工业耗用大量燃料。
例2) Many foreign-funded enterprises have been built in that area. 该地区兴建了许多外资企业。
例3) The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 中国在四千年前发明了指南针。
3. 在译文中增加逻辑主语
例1) If you are asked personal questions you need not answer them. 如果有人向你提出私事的问题,你尽可不答。
例2) He was chosen to give a speech at the opening ceremony. 大家选他在开幕式上发言。
(二)译成汉语的判断句。汉语中常用“……是……的”这一句式来说明人和事物的客观情况。英语中用来说明客观情况的被动句都可以转译成汉语的这一句式。
例1) The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 美国的学分制是1872在哈佛大学首先实施的。
例2) The decision to quit the job was not taken lightly. 辞职的决定不是轻易作出的。
例3) The castle was built in 1820. 这座城堡是于1820年建造的。
(三)译成汉语的无主句。汉语句子有的可以不带主语,因此,当无须说出行为主体时,可以将英语的被动句译成汉语的无主句。
例1) Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 发现了错误一定要改正。
例2) An equity joint venture shall be encouraged o market its products outside China. 鼓励合营企业向中国境外销售产品。
例3) These laws are designed to vent monopoly and to maintain competition. 制订这些法律的目的在于防止垄断维护竞争。
(四)译成汉语的被动句。原文句子的主语一般仍译做主语,在谓语动词前面加“被”、“受”、“由”、“让”、“予以”、“加以”等字来表示被动意 义。
例1) Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 立功的人将受到奖励。
例2) The cyclist was knocked down by a truck. 那个骑车人让一辆车撞倒了。
例3) The design will be examined by a special committee. 这项设计将由一个专门委员会予以审查。




一、Journey Up the Nile (Excerpt 2)
(一)解说:
1. Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方,到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。
原文的描写非常形象、生动。但译成汉语时无法保留原文的形象,因为“follow”这个词很难处理,故译作“到处可以见到…”。
2. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the sent era. 我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷,这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。
“Driving southward from Cairo into the valley”是个现在分词短语,逻辑主语是“I”,译成汉语时需说“我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷”。
“own ... to ...”意为“recognize sth. to the cause of sth. 将某事物归因于某事物”。原句的含义是“该地区的景物基本上没有受到现代的影响”。
3. the thin ribbon of the Nile尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带
“of”用于两个名词中间,前者修辞后者,故译作“尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带”。
例:(1) He's got the devil of a temper. 他脾气极坏。
(2) Where's that fool of a receptionist? 那个笨蛋接待员在什么地方?
(3) He's a fine figure of a man. 他是个体型好看的男子。
4. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts. 这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。
此句为倒装句。主语是“the brown barren deserts”,因为介词短语“At the edge of the fields”前置以示强调,故全句主谓倒装。翻译时尽量保持原句效果,译作“这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。”。
“barren”意为:(of land) not good enough to produce crops (指土地)贫瘠的。
5. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm. 我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。
“illusion”意为“错觉”或“幻觉”,但直译不合适,故译作“我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。”
6. The villages and towns were usually perched on the edge, so as not to waste arable soil 耕地and because there was a need, before the High Dam tamed the Nile, to live beyond the reach of the annual floods. 大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上,这是为了不浪费耕地,同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前,有必要住得远一点,以躲避每年发生的洪水。
“perch”意为:place (sth.) in a high or dangerous position将(某物)置于尤指高处或危险处。例:a hut perched at the edge of the cliff悬崖边上的小舍
“arable”意为:(land that is)suitable for ploughing and for growing crops适于耕作的(土地)。“arable soil”就是“耕地”。
动词不定式短语“to live beyond the reach of the annual floods”作定语,修辞名词“need”。字面意思是“有必要住到每年洪水泛滥不到的地方”。
全句的内部结构比较复杂,“and”连接两个表示原因的词句,“need”和修辞语之间插了一个时间状语从句。
7. The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert. 公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,有时穿过庄稼地,有时像是划的一条黑线,这边是庄稼,那边是沙漠。
“now...now...”意为:at one time...at another time... 时而……时而……
例:Her moods kept changing - now happy, now filled with despair. 她的情绪多变——时而高兴,时而感到绝望。
8. A village elder, Amin Ibrahim, invited me into his house and gave me a cheerier view of the effects of the Aswan High Dam than I had heard before. 村里一位长者,名叫阿明•易卜拉欣,请我到他家去做客,向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。
“view”意为:way of understanding or interting a subject, series of events, etc; mental imssion (理解或解释某问题的)方式,方法;印象。
例:The book gives readers an inside view of MI5. 这本书向读者揭示了英国安全局的内幕。
9. Before the dam we were obsessed with the flood - would it be too high or too low? 还没修坝的时候,我们老惦记着洪水,——今年的洪水会太大呢,还是会太小呢?
“obsess”常用于被动语态,意为:fill the mind of sb. continually使(某人)牵挂,惦记,着迷或困惑。
例:She was obsessed with the idea that she was being watched. 她总觉得受人监视而心神不宁。
10. Like all the generations of my family back to the pharaohs, I used to plant my crops and never know if I would harvest. 我过去种庄稼,从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。
“pharaoh”意为:(习题详解 of the) ruler of ancient Egypt法老(古埃及国王或其称谓)。
11. It was a natural system of replenishment and cleansing. 那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。
“replenishment”的动词形式“replenish”意为:fill up (sth.) again (with...) (以……)再装满,补充。在此句中为“补充土壤”的意思。
“cleanse”意为:make thoroughly clean, make pure 彻底清洁,涤净。在此句的为“清除盐分”的意思。
全句在翻译时就需要根据上下文意思进行添词。
12. Today this treasury of silt泥沙 is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective drainage system. 现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了,却没有除盐的有效办法。
同样,这里的“drainage system”也不能简单地译成“排水系统”。此处仍然指“补土排盐系统”。另外,此句中“of”前面的名词“treasury”修辞后面的名词“silt”,译作“宝贵的泥沙”。
(二)参考译文:
沿尼罗河而上(摘录2)
尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方,到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷,这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。从这里再往前一千八百英里,尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带,缓缓流向北方,沿途穿过棕色的土地和绿色的田野,这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。
我仿佛驱车穿过了一个特别狭长的农场。大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上,这是为了不浪费耕地,同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前,有必要住得远一点,以躲避每年发生的洪水。公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,有时穿过庄稼地,有时像是划的一条黑线,这边是庄稼,那边是沙漠。
在卢克苏尔以南不远的阿瓦米亚村,我曾看着农民收割甘蔗。村里一位长者,名叫阿明•易卜拉欣,请我到他家去做客,向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。他说:“还没修坝的时候,我们老惦记着洪水,——今年的洪水会太大呢,还是会太小呢?我过去种庄稼,从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。现在不用害怕了,我们知道一定会有水,也知道会有多少水。我们不是收一季,而是收三季了。家里用上了电,还用电开水泵,不需要再用吊桶提水了。过去我们到富人家里去听收音机。现在我们一年到头种庄稼了,就自己买收音机了,甚至还买电视机呢。”
不过阿明也看得很清楚,他承认这件事还有另外一面,不那么好的一面。他说:“土地更差了,因为过去尼罗河一泛滥就带来泥沙,可现在没有了。我们不得不用化肥,而化肥是很贵的。即便这样,庄稼还是不如以前打得多。”
他带我在他家附近的庄稼是里走了走。只见地面上结了一层盐。“现在不像以前了,河水不泛滥,盐分就冲不走了,”阿明对我解释说。过去每年尼罗河泛滥,可以给沿岸的农田留下细沙两千万吨。河水退去的时候,就把土壤里的盐分冲走,冲到地是海里去。那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了,却没有除盐的有效办法。
二、Adelaide (Excerpt)
(一)解说:
1. The city was laid out with broad streets in an open grid pattern, and over 4000ha2 of parklands encircling the city were served. 街道宽阔,布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区,面积达四千余公顷。
“lay out”意为:make a plan for 计划,设计。例:lay out a garden 设计一花园;well-laid out streets and avenues 设计良好的街道和马路。
本句中有两处被动式,不能一看到被动式就译成被动式,要考虑到中文的表达习惯,故没有完全按照原句的形式来译,。另外,“lay out”的意思体现在“布局”一词中。“were served”用“留有”来表述。
2. To the east the Mount Lofty ranges form an imssive backdrop. 东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托。
“backdrop”意为:背景。
3. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area三面有公園環繞 and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. 三面有公园环绕,区内四个大广场有草坪和树木,打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。
“regularity”意为:state of being regular 规律性。这里的规律性是指区内到处都是建筑,景色缺少变化,有了公园和绿地就不显单调了。故“break the regularity”被译成“打破单调气氛”,比较符合原意。
4. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens. 托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区,河上架有四座桥梁,两岸点缀着许多花园。
“spanned”和“lined”这两个过去分词短语均作定语,修辞“the Torrens River”。为了能顺,译文中加了“河上”两字,后一短语意译成“两岸点缀着许多花园”,这样两个短语在句式表达上非常平稳一致。
5. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on King William Street - the wide main N-S thoroughfare. 市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物多处,位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。
“contain”是“包含”的意思,在此译为“有”,比较通顺。“fine examples”是“精美的范例”的意思,在此转译为“典型的”,较符合原意。
“the wide main N-S thoroughfare”在原文中是“King William Street”的同位语。但“King William Street”在译文中已被处理成定语,那么“the wide main N-S thoroughfare”也相应被处理成定语,放在“威廉王大街”前面。
6. Its three-sided design, with 34 jets of water and aluminum sculptures(雕塑), resents the three rivers from which Adelaide draws its water - the Murray, the Torrens and the Onkaparinga. 喷水池有三个边,三十四根喷水柱,还有铝制雕塑,这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。
原文中的主语和谓语分别是“design”和“resents”,所以译文的后半部分一定要加上“这一设计”,不能只说“代表着”,这样会误认为是“铝制雕塑代表着”。
7. Parklands, which separate the city and the suburbs, are served in perpetuity for the use of the people. 市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。
“in perpetuity”的意思是“for ever 永远”。
8. As an artistic event, a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia, the Festival has introduced many world-famous artists to millions of Australians. 此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事,不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演,而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。
“a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia”原本是“an artistic event”的同位语,在译文中用动词“推动”来体现名词“stimulus”,这样处理较通顺,因为英语中多用名词,而汉语中则多用动词。
(二)参考译文:
阿德莱德(摘录)
阿德莱德Adelaide澳大利亚南澳大利亚州首府,是全国规划得最好的城市之一。街道宽阔,布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区,面积达四千余公顷。西临圣文森特湾,岸边有宽阔的沙滩。东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托,洛夫蒂山(727米)为最高峰。市区南部主要是商业区,三面有公园环绕,区内四个大广场有草坪和树木,打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。市区北部主要是住宅区,周围也有公园环绕,区内有广场两个。托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区,河上架有四座桥梁,两岸点缀着许多花园。
市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物多处,位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。市政厅于1863年奠基,设计者E。W。赖特曾任本市市长。
阿德莱德有许多雕像,并有喷水池七处。最为壮观的一处喷水池建于1968年,座落在该城的商业区中心——维多利亚广场。喷水池有三个边,三十四根喷水柱,还有铝制雕塑,这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。
1960年举办了第一届阿德莱德艺术节,阿德莱德自此赢得了澳大利亚文化中心的美名。此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事,不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演,而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。
三、北海公园
(一)解说:
1. 北海公园原是辽、金、元、明、清历代封建帝王的“御花园”。总面积共有68.2公顷。Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
“总面积共有68.2公顷”在原句中是单独的一句。在译文中被处理成一个分词短语,作定语,修辞“Bei Hai Park”。这样比较符合英语的表达方式。
2. 公园的中心——琼岛,周长1,913米,高32.8米,是1179年(金代)用挖海的泥土堆成的。The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake.
中文往往比较简洁,一个句子能包含许多内容。在译成英语时,如果也只用一个句子的话会显得特别冗长,故在翻译时可考虑用几个单句来处理,本句便是一例。
3. 岛上白塔建于1651年,塔高35.9米。The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.
原文的谓语部分是在“建于”,而译成英语后,其谓语部分体现在“is as high as 35.9 metres”,不这么处理的话,“塔高35.9米”和“白塔”两个部分相距太,句子结构不紧凑。
4. 琼岛东北部有“琼岛春阴”碑,为1751年建立。There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with "Qiong Dao Chun Yin" (Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it.
译文中的“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.)”为译者所加,为的是让读者进一步了解这块碑的珍贵之处,以引起读者的兴趣。
过去分词短语“engraved on it”修辞“Qiong Dao Chun Yin”。
5. 附近风光秀丽,过去是燕京八景之一。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
“noted”在这里不是过去分词,而是形容词,相当于“well-known”。
“燕京八景之一”也没有简单地译作“one of the eight views of Beijing”,而是在“views”前面加了一个词“outstanding”,因为普通的景色满目都是,文中提到的“八景”是特殊的景色。
6. 海北岸有“五龙亭”,建于1602年,是封建皇帝钓鱼和看焰火的地方。On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 1602, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks.
原文是“海北岸有”,译文不能译作“have”,而要译作“are”。整句译文是倒装句,主语是“the Five-Dragon Pavilions”,表地点的介词短语前置于句首。
7. “九龙壁”,建于1756年,全壁用五彩琉璃瓦砌成,两面各有蟠龙九条,姿态生动,反映了我国劳动人民的创造才能。Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China.
原句较长,译文被处理成两句。译文中的“Not far to the northeast”为译者所加,借以说明景物的相对位置,免得孤立地介绍景物,显得单调。译文最后一句中的“Near there”也是如此。
译文中的“prove”意为:establish the genuineness of 确定……之真实性,用以表达“反映”,紧扣原意。
(二)参考译文:
Bei Hai Park
Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake. The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.
There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with "Qiong Dao Chun Yin" (Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it. This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.
On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 160, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks. Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China. Near there is the Iron Screen, which is a relic of the Yuan Dynasty
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第4章 Unit 4 Economy

Exercise 10
New Opportunities in China's Economic Cooperation with Other Countries
一、解说
1、Exercise 10 选自美国贸易代表罗伯特·霍马茨在中国的演讲《中国对外经济合作的新机会》。演讲包括:“乐观的理由”、“技术”、“金融关系”、“在中国的投资”、“中国在国外的投资”、“需要克服的困难”、“纺织品”、“出口控制”、“同谁打交道”还有“结论”等几部分。
罗伯特·霍马茨生平介绍:
Robert D. Hormats is Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and Managing Director of Goldman, Sachs & Co. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982 as a Vice President in the Investment Banking Division and a Director of Goldman Sachs International.
Mr. Hormats served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State from 1977 to 1979, Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Resentative from 1979 to 1981 and Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982. He served as a Senior Staff Member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977 during which time he was Senior Economic Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Mr. Hormats was a recipient of the French Legion of Honor in 1982 and Arthur Fleming Award in 1974.
Mr. Hormats is a board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., and Human Genome Sciences, Inc. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and the Columbia University School of International Affairs. He is a member of the Advisory Boards of Foreign Policy and International Economics magazines. He was appointed by President Clinton in 1993 to the Board of The U.S.-Russia Investment Fund.
Mr. Hormats publications include American Albatross: The Foreign Debt Dilemma and Reforming the International Monetary System. Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times. He was visiting lecturer at Princeton University in 1983.
2、本练习经济术语:
bilateral trade双边贸易 two way trade双向贸易
investment投资 total trade 总贸易额
commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系
commercial and financial relationships贸易与金融关系
labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业
technological transformation of existing industries现有企业的技术改造
joint venture 合资企业
imports 进口额 exports 出口额
productivity生产率
resource capabilities资源潜力
3、本练习数量的表达法:
something in the order of 6 billion大约为60亿美元
amount to 总数达
roughly $10 billion大约100亿美元
4、China is the world's largest developing nation and the US is the world's most developed large nation. Bilateral trade between the two has grown imssively.
1)英汉翻译要注意不能忽视英语原文中的动词时态、语态,才能正确地表达。本句中的两个分词developing 和developed在翻译时要体现“现在分词”的“进行”的特点和“过去分词”的“完成”的特点。
2)imssively:显著地
下文中还有同义词:dramatically
3)英语一般一对主谓(宾)结构构成一个句子,如果几个句子构成一个复合句,中间要有连接词。而汉语可以几个小句在一起构成一个复合句,中间没有连接词也可,靠逻辑意义连接。本注释点的两个句子在逻辑上相关性较大,可以译成一个汉语句子。
下文有类例,如:
a. There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future. But there are also difficulties to be solved.
我们有理由感到乐观,并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展,但也有困难尚待解决。
b. In many of these areas, particularly agriculture, the results have been very positive. Food production is increasing rapidly.
中国在许多领域里,特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果,粮食迅速增产。
以上两个类例都是这样:译成一个句子,更紧凑。
译文:
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,而美国是最发达的大国,
两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。
5、Today, two way trade is something in the order of $ 6 billion and increasing.
of the order of = in the order of (BrE): approximately大约,
in the order of 常常与something 用在一起。
例如:
a. There were of (in) the order of 300 people at the festival. 节日活动大约有300人参加。
b.“How much is the project going to cost?”
“Something in the order of 5000 pounds.”
“这项计划要花多少钱?”
“大约5000英镑。”
译文:
如今,两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元,并且还在增加。
6、The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.
built the beginnings of a sound foundation for:如果逐字翻译,此短语译成“为...建立坚实的基础的开始”,显然译文达不到“达”的标准,难以理解,因此要运用翻译技巧(词类转换)进行处理。把名词the beginning转换成相应意义的副词“初步”,译文就通顺了。
译文:
我相信,我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。
类例:
When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。
7、China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.
which amounted to $900 million in 1978为非限制性定语从句,不能用前置法翻译非限制性定语从句时,可用后置法或别的方法翻译。有时可以用后置法翻译,在译文中把原文从句后置,不重复关系代词所代表的含义,译成并列分句。如:
After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直到深夜。
译文:
中国从美国的进口额,1978年为9亿美元,到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。
8、Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically , from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $ 10 billion to just over $ 21 billion.
中国的总贸易额也显著增长,从1978年到1983年,中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元,进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。
注意译文与原文之间的差异,原文中的关系词while是不能少的,而译文中不需要译出。原因见上面的第3的解释3)。
9、joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors中美合资企
10、China's Strong Economic Performance: 中国在经济上的出色表现
注意:Strong译为“出色”。英汉语言的搭配能力不同,要根据具体的情况进行意译。如:put on a coat, put on a hat两个put意义一样,但分别译为“穿外衣”和“戴帽子”,因此翻译时一定要看目标语的搭配能力与习惯。
11、decided on 选定,决定
12、It is aimed at adjusting the pace of modernisation to China's resource capabilities and its goal of major increases in employment, providing incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity; strengthening light, labour intensive industries, using technology to modernise and promote the technological transformation of existing industries; and removing bottlenecks imposed by energy and transportation constraints.
注意本句结构的理解,本句多处出现平行结构,不同层次的平行结构不能混为一团。
1)It is aimed at 是句子的主干,at后面有几个平行的现在分词短语作介词宾语:adjusting..., providing..., strengthening..., using..., removing...;
2)再下一层,the pace of...,和 its goal of...平行,作adjusting的宾语;agricultural 和 industrial平行作productivity的定语;light和labour intensive平行作后面的industries的定语;modernise 和 promote平行,由不定式符号to总管;energy 和transportation平行,都是constraints的定语。
二、参考译文
中国对外经济合作的新机会(摘录)
罗伯特·霍马茨
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,而美国是最发达的大国,两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。70年代早期,美中之间实际上无贸易可言。如今,两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元,并且还在增加。美国在中国的投资越来越多,中国在美投资也在进行。我相信,我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。中国从美国的进口额,1978年为9亿美元,到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。在那个时期,出口额从3亿美元增长到23亿美元。中国的总贸易额也显著增长,从1978年到1983年,中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元,进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。
1983年,美国在中国投资大约总计为8,500万美元;有20多个美中合资企业。此外,美国公司对近海石油勘探投资5亿多美元。
我们有理由感到乐观,并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展,但也有困难尚待解决。让我先谈谈可望发展的原因,然后再讨论问题所在。
乐观的理由:
中国在经济上的出色表现
中国的经济改革经过戏剧性的转变之后,决定走上稳定而大有前途的道路,它的目的在于:调整现代化的步伐,以适应其资源潜力及其大量增加就业机会的目标,刺激工农业生产率,加强轻工业及劳动密集型工业,利用技术促进现有工业的技术改造并使之现代化,以及排除由于能源及交通运输紧张所造成的障碍。
中国在许多领域里,特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果,
粮食迅速增产。全国都在发展现代化工业生产,生产单位合并构成大规模企业。经济增长率约有10%,虽然重工业发展速度比希望的要快些,某些轻工业要慢一些。我相信中国经济管理部门已认识到这个问题,在下一个五年计划有效地克服这一问题。
Exercise 11
The Challenges of Reform
一、解说
1、练习出处同课文。
2、本练习经济术语:
reform 改革
cost 费用;代价
economic transition 经济转轨
enterprises企业
inflation 通货膨胀
uncompetitive industries 缺乏竞争力的工业
declining industries每况愈下的工业
customer 顾客
the liberalization of world trade世界贸易自由化
established market 已经发育健全的市场
multilateral disciplines 多边规则
3、Of course, building a modern economy carries costs too.
这里的carries 是动词,“具有”,“含有”的意思,可以根据上下文和汉语“代价”这词的搭配能力,意译本句。
译文:
当然,建立现代经济也需要付出代价。
同样意义的词在不同的语言环境里,需要根据搭配词的搭配能力,译成不同的词,下文有类似的例子,如manage 在下面不同的两个句子里,根据需要分别先后译成“应付”和“处理”。
a. Different countries will manage these costs in different ways.
各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。
b. Of course change must be managed sensitively, with care.
当然,处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。
4、But the problems China has had to deal with in recent years are familiar to Britain and other countries undergoing major economic transition: the conundrum of unleashing enterprises while keeping inflation in check; the social consequences and complexity of reforming uncompetitive or declining industries.
注意本句的理解。
1)China has had to deal with in recent years是限制性定语从句,可以用前置法翻译。因此,the problems China has had to deal with in recent years译成:“中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题”。下文有类例:
a. ...the British experience is that the industry that can adapt to the demands of competition will usually thrive.
英国的经验是,能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。
b.The enterprise that best meets the needs of its customer, at the best price, offers the most secure future for its workers.
那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。
2)be familiar to :为...所熟悉
3)undergoing....到句末是现在分词短语做定语,修饰other countries。
4)the conundrum of...和the social consequences and complexity of...是平行结构,作the problems 的同位语。
同位语是对名词(或代词)的进一步的解释。同位语可以是单词、短语或从句。一般把含有同位语的英语句子翻译成汉语时,可以把同位语提前,也可以不提前,也可以按原来的顺序翻译,可以在同位语的前面增加“即”(或“以为”)、“也就是”或用冒号、破折号分开。如:
Influenced by these ethics, Powers lived under the delusion that money does not stink..."
“受到了这种道德观念的熏陶,鲍尔斯生活在一种错觉中,以为金钱总是香喷喷的......”
5)keeping inflation in check;控制通货膨胀
keep / hold something in check : limit something控制...;限制...
如:
We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in check.
我们必须找出限制我们的开销的办法。
本句译文:
而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。
注意:
这里也使用了增词法,增加了“如何”"和“如何处理”。
5、That is why the British Government believes strongly in the case for economic liberalisation and deregulation at home.
注意at home在这里不能译为“在家”,而应译为“在国内”,
下文有:at home and abroad 是“在国内外”的意思。
believe in:相信
译文:
这就是为什么英国政府坚信应当在国内实行经济自由化和撤销经济管制。
6、Opening up national economies brings fresh challenges as well as new opportunities. New opportunities to do business and win investment; but fresh challenges from foreign firms too, new competition in established markets at home and abroad.
注意:
这里可能是演讲口语体的原因,正式的语言中,一般New在这里不大写,前面用逗号。因为这里与前面是同一个谓语动词下的宾语。因此,翻译时译成一个句子。
译文:
开放本国经济既带来新的挑战,也带来新的机遇,既带来新的商业和投资机会,也带来外国公司的新的挑战以及在国内外业已发育健全的市场上的新的竞争。
7、has brought this home :
this 这里指前面这句话。
bring something home to somebody:使某人清楚地(深切地)认识到某事
8、Foreign investment, successfully deployed, benefits donor and recipient alike.
1) successfully deployed相当于一个条件状语从句:if it is successfully deployed
2) alike :in the same way
外国投资若投向合理,则可使投资方和接受投资方均收益。
二、参考译文
当然,建立现代经济要付出代价的。各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。
我们英国人得出的结论是,改革是大势所趋。一个工业要生存下去,就必须学会靠自身的力量去竞争。当然,处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。但依赖保护和补贴来保障就业是不能持久的。
英国的经验是,能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。
这就是为什么英国政府坚信应当在国内实行经济自由化和撤销经济管制。但这样做的政策性影响并不仅限于国内。
随着世界贸易的自由化,现在的经济竞争意味着既是国际的竞争,也是国内的竞争。开放本国经济既带来新的挑战,也带来新的机遇,既带来新的商业和投资机会,也带来外国公司的新的挑战以及在国内外业已发育健全的市场上的新的竞争。
对我们英国来说,我们参加欧盟和世界贸易组织的经历使我们对这一点深有感触。但我们接受这一现实,因为我们认识到自由贸易不是一种我赢多少你就输多少的游戏。也就是说,一个国家的增长井非必须建立在另一个国家的经济衰退的基础之上。相反,贸易的扩大会带来进一步的经济增长,使所有参与者更加繁荣。外国投资若投向合理,则可使投资方和接受投资方均收益。
因此,经济上的相互依存并不是一种有害物,不需将其缩小到最低程度或加以避免;相反,它给我们提供了机会,我们应予以促进和利用。而要利用这种机会,就必须依靠在国际上建立一种强有力的多边规则的框架。后面我还将谈到这一点。
Exercise 12
一、解说
1、本练习选自《中国的粮食问题》第三章。
2、粮食专业术语:
农业科技agricultural science and technology
科教兴农develop agriculture by relying on science , technology and education
贡献率the contribution rate
粮食生产grain production
非粮食实物资源non-grain food resources
水域water
内陆水域inland waters
养殖aquaculture
水产品aquatic products
集约化intensification
畜产品animal by-products
木本食物arbor foodstuffs
3、--依靠科技进步有潜力。
译文:
There is scope for scientific and technological improvement.
原文是一句无主句,汉语的无主句译为英语时可以通过增加主语或译成被动句的方法,如课文中的例子:
改造中低产田、兴修水利、扩大灌溉面积、推广先进适用技术等工程和生物措施,可使每公顷产量提高1500公斤以上。
--> The grain output per hectare can be increased by more than 1,500 kg through the upgrading of medium- and low-yield land, intensifying water-control projects, enlarging irrigated areas and sading the use of advanced agrotechnology and taking biological measures.
也可以译成there be 句型,如:
总之,是两点而不是一点。
-->In short, there are two aspects, not just one.
下文有类例:
1) --利用非粮食食物资源有潜力。
本句可以用there be 句型翻译,译为:
There are non-grain food resources.
也可以译为被动句:
Non-grain food resources can be exploited also.
相比之下被动句更好,一方面与前面的“--依靠科技进步有潜力。”的译文句式有变化,使译文更丰富;另一方面,被动句的译文为意译,特别是 “开发资源”"exploit the resources用得很好。
2) --节约粮食有潜力。
Grain losses can be curtailed.
4、目前,农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35%,世界上农业发达国家在60%以上。
注意本句的理解,汉语靠逻辑意义表达,少用代词,这里后面小句是一个省略结构,省略了前小句中已经出现的“农业科技在农业增产中的贡献率”,翻译时要根据具体情况做一些编辑,把句子补完整才能使读者看懂。而英语不喜欢重复,因此,这里可以用代词来代替重复的话。
另外还要注意本句数字的表达方法。
译文:
At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries.
5、中国政府已确定并正在努力实施科教兴农战略,力争逐步缩小中国与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距,到2000年使科技进步对农业的贡献率提高到50%,到2030年接近世界发达国家水平。
1) 科教兴农:develop agriculture by relying on science, technology and education
2) 确定...战略:draw up a strategy for...
实施...战略: put the strategy into practice
3) 科技进步对农业的贡献率: the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture
4)“与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距”在上一句已提到,汉语多重复,英语多代词,这是常见现象,因此这里用 “this gap”代替即可。
5)这是一个长句,开头到“差距”两字已是一个完整的语意单位,后面半句是 “缩小差距”的具体目标,可以另译一句。注意这句的数字表达。
译文:
The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap. By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries.
6、注意下面这些统计数字的翻译:
1)据统计,全国1747万公顷内陆水域中,可供养殖的水面675万公顷,目前利用率仅为69%;可供养鱼的稻田670万公顷,利用率仅为15%;海水可养殖面积260万公顷,利用率仅为28%。
这句除了数字的表达法之外,还要注意标点符号的转换。在翻译中,要使译文准确、通顺,就不能忽视对标点符号的运用和转换。因为英语标点符号与汉语标点符号有些不同之处。本句牵涉到分号,汉语中往往出现很长的句子,并喜欢用分号。在这种情况下,我们把句子分开,因此,分号也转换为句号。
如:
中秋过后,秋风是一天凉比一天,看看将近初冬;我整天靠着火,也穿上棉袄了。(鲁迅《孔乙已》
-->After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, and winter was approaching. Even though I spent all my time by the stove, I had to wear my padded jacket.
本句译文:
According to statistics, among the 1747 million hectares of inland waters, 6 .75 million ha can be used, for aquaculture. At sent, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6 .70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2 .60 million hectares suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent.
2)中国现有草地面积3.9亿公顷,其中可利用面积3.2亿公顷,居世界第三位,
句子可以在此处断句,接下去可以另译一句。
译文:
China has a grassland area of 390 million hectares, of which about 320 million hectares can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland.
3)...中国山区面积占国土总面积的70%...
...mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory...
4)中国粮食在种、收、运、储、销和加工、消费等环节的损失率至少为10%,总损失量在4500万吨以上。
the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption - a total of well over 45 million tons.
注意:
在...环节: 意译为“in the course of ”(在...过程中)
...以上: over; more than
5) ...每年至少可节约粮食2000万吨。
...it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year...
二、参考译文
China Can Basically Achieve self-Sufficiency in Grain Through Self-Reliance
There is scope for scientific and technological improvement. At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries. The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap. By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries. This will enable China to go a step further in grain production.
Non-grain food resources can be exploited also. China has rich water, grassland and sloping land resources which have great potential for exploitation. According to statistics, among the 1747 million hectares of inland waters, 6. 75 million ha can be used, for aquaculture. At sent, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6 .70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2 .60 million hectares suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent. China will actively increase the productivity of its waters so as to keep a continuous rapid increase of aquatic products. China has a grassland area of 390 million hectares, of which about 320 million hectares can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland. If the intensification level of livestock farming in grasslands is improved through the development of artificial grassland, animal byproducts will increase greatly. Moreover, mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory, and this favorable condition for the development of arbor foodstuffs will offer China wide prospects for increasing the supply of such stuffs.
Grain losses can be curtailed. According to estimates by experts, the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption - a total of well over 45 million tons. So it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year if such losses are reduced to within the rational limits.
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第5章 Unit 5 Culture

在翻译夹叙夹议这类文章时,一定要把握作者的态度和立场,注意情感的传递。在风格上尽量和原文保持一致。
在语言对比方面的重点是:
一、关联词
从语言性质上讲,英语属综合性语言,重形合,关联词用得多,如and/but/while等。而汉语则属于分析性语言,重意合,关联词用得少,主要靠语序排列和虚词来实现。所以英译汉时,许多关联词是不需要译出来的;而在汉译英时,往往要加关联词,关联词用得最多的是and。切莫因为汉语里没有关联词而不加,这样容易造成语法错误,或者都译成短句、单句而影响文采。
下面根据汉语复句的句内关系来简述一下关联词的译法:
(一)并列关系
并列关系指的是连在一起使用的各分句之间意义上并排、并列的关系。汉语中的并列、对照、解说都属于并列关系。汉译英时,汉语的并列关系常用英语中的连词and连接,否定并列关系则用neither ... nor, either...or...等表示。但在必要时也不排除用其它句式来表达。
例1) 我教他汉语,他教我英语。I teach him Chinese and he teaches me English.
例2) 早期的电影是无声的,你既听不到演员的对话,也听不到动作所发出的响声。The early films were silent, you could neither hear the dislogues between characters, nor the sounds and noises made by actions.
例3) 他在国内旅游过的地方,除了井冈山以外,都是我没有到过的!In China, he has been to many places which I have never visited, with the exception of the Jinggang Mountains.
例4) 目前,农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35%,世界上农业发达国家在60%以上。At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries.

(二)连贯关系
汉语中的连贯关系指的是各分句之间在意思上相连贯,在概念或动作上指一个接着一个。表示连贯关系常用的有“接着”、“然后”、“于是”、“一……就”等。汉译英时常用and或者and then及as soon as等。
例1) 小伙子走了。夕阳下,德贝菲尔躺在草地上等着。The young man left, and Durbeyfield lay waiting on the grass in the evening sun.
例2) 计算机刚一启动,就发现有病毒。Hardly had the computer started when viruses were found.

(三)递进关系
递进关系指的是汉语的复合中后面的分句比前面的分句在意思和范围上进了一层,如“不但……而且”、“……不”、“……并且”等。英语常用not only...but (also),或as well as... 或and ...as well等表示。
例1) 我应该说一地同志这本回忆童年和旅游的散文集子,不但是青少年最好的读物,大人们也应当拿来看看。I must say that Yidi's book about his childhood and his travels is a best choice for young people and should be read by adults as well.

(四)选择关系
选择关系指的是列举两项或几项让人选择其中一项,或者把两件事情加以比较,选取其中的一种,表示“或此或彼”、取此舍彼“的意义。
例1) 我们宁可把这项实验进行下去,也不愿放弃不做。We would rather go on with the experiment than give it up.

(五)转折让步关系
转折让步关系是:从句承认一个事实,主句把意思一转,说出相反的情况。汉语中的转折让步关系通常使用成对的关联词语“虽然……但是”等,但英语常常只用一个连词或者副词,翻译时需遵守英语的表达习惯。
例1) 虽然时代不同,我想历史古迹总该依旧吧。Times are different, but the historic sites, I sume, must have remained the same.
例2) ……可供养鱼的稻田670万公顷,利用率仅为15%。About 6.70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent.
例3) 我的文章就像一个丑八怪,不打扮,看起来倒还顺眼些。Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.

(六)假设关系
汉语的假设复合句有两种:一是“顺承”的,常用“如果”等关联词语。二是“逆接”的,常用“即使”等关联词语。英语则用if和even if来表示。
例1) 下雨或阴天回戏,不响锣就不给钱,是那时的规矩。If a performance was cancelled because of bad weather, the rule in those days was: No show, no pay.
例2) 合营者的注册资本如果转让必须经合营各方同意。If any of the joint venturers wish to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of the other parties to the venture.
例3) 即使哥伦布没有发现美洲大陆,别人也会发现的。Even if Columbus had not discovered the continent of America, somebody else might have discovered it.

(七)条件关系
汉语有特定条件句和无条件句。特定条件句是指一个句子中所叙述的某种结果的产生必须有特定的条件。常用关联词有“只有……才”、“只要……就”、“除非……才”等。无条件句是指一个句子所陈述的某种结果的产生不以所说的任何条件为条件。常用“无论……都”、“不管”等关联词语。英语语则用only...if,unless,as/so long as,if only等表示特定条件,而用no matter how/what或however/whatever等表示无条件关系。
例1) But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. 但是如果你这个人对于周围的事情不感兴趣,就会感到生活空虚,要不你就老惦记着儿孙。
例2) 我说,唯其不是文学家,我就不受文学规律的限制,我与不怕别人把我赶出文学界。I replied, "As long as I'm not a man of letters, I'm not subject to any of the rules of literature. Nor do I have to be afraid of being thrown out of any literary circles."
例3) 你只有经过最大的努力,才会取得成功。You will only succeed if you do your best.
例4) 他下定决心,不管碰到什么困难都要坚持做这项工作。He was determined to hold on to this job whatever difficulties he might run into.

(八)因果关系
含有因果关系的复句有的是用来说明事物间的因果关系,有的则是用来推论事物间的因果关系。汉译英时,要根据原文的意义选取恰当的表示因果关系的关联词语进行翻译。
例1) ……艺人们大都是拉家带口的,生活困难。...as most were saddled with families their life was hard.
例2) 我个小,排队时常常被人挤出来,有些人又常常故意捣乱,工头举起鞭子就打,常常因为打别人而捎带上我。Because I'm young, people often jostle me out of the queue; and when some of them make trouble and the foremen whips them, he often lashes me too.
例3) 那对年轻夫妇当时非常穷,买不起价钱如此昂贵的彩电。The young couple were so poor that they could not afford such an expensive colour TV set.
例4) 中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富,因而注定要在国际事务中发挥决定性的作用。China, which abounds in material and spiritual resourses, is destined to play a decisive role in international affairs.
例5) 他们看见女孩拾煤核就捣乱,揪我的小辫,向我身上扔虫子,吓得我看见他们就躲。Because when they found me scavenging they made trouble, pulling my plait or throwing insects at me, so that the sight of them frightened me away.

(九)目的关系
目的关系复句有的表示采取某种行动的目的是为了要得到什么,重在“获得”;有的则表示采取某种行动的目的是为了要避免什么,重在“免除”。英语中表示前面一种关系的常用连词有so that, in order that等。表示后一种关系的常用连词有in case, lest, so as not to, in order not to等。
例1) 他每天去上班之前总是仔细地检查车胎,以防路上漏气。He looks out the tyres carefully before going to work every day lest they should go flat on the way.
例2) 自行车要放在存车处,以免影响交通。Bicycles should be left at parking lots so as not to block the traffic.

综上所述是关联词语的处理方法。汉语里有许多并列结构,不用关联词,翻译时就要仔细考虑用什么关联词最能表达句意,有时可以把原文的并列结构变成主从结构。

二、语序
(一)时间顺序和逻辑顺序
语序指句子成分的排列次序,它反映了语言使用者的思维模式。汉族和以英语为母语的民族因思维方式不同,对同一客观事实也就有着不同的语言表达顺序。汉语是分析型语言,因此语序比较固定;而英语是分析、综合参半的语言,因此语序有固定的一面,又有灵活的一面。英语句子注重突出重点,往往把重要的话放在突出的位置。另外,英语还时态,动作发生的先后顺序可以通过动词的变化来显示,而且分词和从句的用法也很灵活,可前可后。尤其是遇到内容多的句子,各个成分安排起来比较自由,活动余地比较大。汉语就没有那些手段,叙事主要靠并列结构(并列分句和并列谓语),因此更多的是依靠时间顺序和逻辑顺序。
1. 英语表示时间的从句可前可后;汉语先发生的事先叙述,后发生的事后叙述。
例1) A lot of things have happened since he left the village. (后置)
他离开村子后,发生了许多事。(前置)
例2) After I finished the washing-up, I went out to walk my dog. (前置)
我涮完碗后,出去溜狗。(前置)
例3) I went out to walk my dog after I finished the washing-up. (后置)
我涮完碗后,出去溜狗。(前置)

2. 英语表示原因的从句可前可后;汉语‘因’在前,‘果’在后。
例1) As it was raining, the sports meet was canceled. (前置)
因为天下雨,运动会取消了。 (前置)
例2) He was late for class because he missed the bus.(后置)
因为他误了公共汽车,所以上课迟到了。(前置)

3. 英语表示条件的从句可前可后,汉语条件在前,结果在后。
例1) Suppose we can't raise enough money, shall we continue this experiment?(前置)
假如我们筹不到足够的经费,还继续实验吗?(前置)
例2) How will you manage the class if you are elected monitor. (后置)
假如你被选为班长,你将如何管理好班级? (前置)

4. 英语表示行动的从句在前,目的的从句在后;汉语也是如此,但有时为了强调目的,也可把目的放在行动之前。
例1) You'd better study harder so that you can pass the terminal examinations.(后置)
你最好学习再努力些,以便通过期末考试。 (后置)
例2) He took a part-time job in order that he could support himself. (后置)
他做了一份零工,为的是能维持生计。(后置)
或:为了维持生计,他做了一份零工。(前置)

(二)评论与表态
如果一个句子中既有叙事部分,又有表态部分,汉语叙事部分通常在前,表态部分在后,而且叙事部分可以很长,表态部分一般很短。英语则相反,表态在前,叙事在后,因此在翻译时要进行适当的调整。
例1) It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算一月份访问中国,后来不得不推迟,这使我非常失望。
例2) It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. 告诫成年子女不要犯错误,那是没有用的,一来他们不听你的,二来犯错误本身也是受教育的一个重要方面。
例3) 如今,能为他的这本散文集子作序,我觉得很荣幸。I find it a great honour to be asked to write a face to this collection of his essays.
例4) 读了这游记,绚丽生动得如经其境,给了我很大的快乐。Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colorful and vivid that I felt I was actually there.

第5章 Unit 5 Culture

一、A Valentine to One Who Cared - Too Much (2)
(一)解说:
1. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others. 我们每天遇事都要拿主意,主意拿得对不对,会影响自己的生活,有时也影响别人的生活。
“that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others”是个限制性定语从句。译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。这里,省略了先行词,取而代之的是一个条件句,这样既符合原意又通顺。

2. Last year, on a simple Sunday, three days after Valentine's Day, after many consecutive days of steady downpour, the sun came out. 去年,瓦伦廷节过后第三天,那是一个普通的星期天,连日下大雨,终于出了太阳。
“three days after Valentine's Day”是用来说明哪个星期天的,故跟在“Sunday”后面,而译成汉语时,根据汉语的表达习惯,先说出是哪一天,然后再描述这一天,故“那是一个普通的星期天”跟在“瓦伦廷节过后第三天”后面。
“consecutive”意为“coming one after the other without interruption; following continuously顺序来的;连续不断的”。例:on three consecutive days, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday星期一、星期二、星期三连续三天。
“the sun came out”如果只译作“太阳出来了”体现不出人们期盼出太阳的心情,故译作“终于出了太阳”。

3. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. 不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。
“somehow”在这里的意思是“for a reason that is unknown or unspecified由于未知的或未确指的原因”。故译作“不知不觉”,说明不是有意的。另外本句紧跟在上一句后面,共用上一句的主语“我们”,所以译作“朝公园走去”。
“across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River”用来说明公园所在的位置。过了小桥就是公园,所以译作“公园就在小桥那边”。

4. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring. 那一天,许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍,他们那样大胆,不知道危险就在眼前,使我们非常吃惊。
“ignorance”不是“没有知识”,通过上下文可以得知这是指他们不知道水的厉害,不知道潜在的危险就在眼前。

5. They were riding their bikes up and down the far bank of the river, taunting the water, obviously fascinated by its power and its draw. 他们在河对岸一面骑着车来回奔驰,一面戏弄河水,显然是被水的威力和魅力迷住了。
“taunting the water”是现在分词短语,作状语,表示伴随状态,故译文中用了“一面…一面…”。
“draw”意为“person or thing that attracts people有吸引力的人或事物”。例:A live band is always a good draw at a party. 现场演奏的乐队在聚会上总是很吸引人的。

6. a look of panic and horror registering on his young face. 小脸上现出了惊恐的神色。
“register”的意思是“(of a person, his face, his actions, etc) show (emotion, etc)指人、人的面孔、动作等)显出,流露(情绪等)”。
例1) He slammed the door to register his disapproval. 他砰的一声把门关上以示不满。
例2) Her face registered dismay. 她脸上流露出惊慌的神色。

7. Unable to reach the boy safely from the shore, Earl stepped into the water. 他在岸上安全的地方够不着那个孩子,于是就迈步往水里走去。
“safely”在原句中是副词,修饰动词“reach”。但若译作“他在岸上不能安全地够着那孩子”,显然不符合汉语的表达习惯,因此在译文中将其处理成形容词,修饰“地方”。由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同,英语形容词译为汉语副词是常有的事。

8. But the whole city was falling apart. 不过,当时全城却闹得人心惶惶。
词组“fall apart”原意为“fall to pieces; disintegrate破裂;破碎;散开”。这里是指因为出了事故,全城的人都在议论此事。
例1) My car is falling apart. 我的汽车要散架了。
例2) Their marriage finally fell apart. 他们的婚姻终于破裂了。

9. He implied that we had been wrong in attempting such a rescue in the first place. 他的言外之意是,我们下水救人,本来就不对。
“in the first place”这个词组用于列举理由时,意为“firstly第一点”。在这里可译为“首先就不对”或“本来就不对”。

10. Was he really being critical, or was I projecting my own tremendous feelings of guilt onto him? 他真是在指责我们吗?还是我那极度内疚的心情影响了他?
“project sth on to sb”指的是“think esp unconsciously, that sb shares (one's own feelings, usu unpleasant ones) 将(自己的感情,通常为不愉快者)投射给某人;以为(尤指潜意识地)某人也存在(与自己同样的、通常为不愉快的感情)”。
例:You mustn't project your guilt on to me. 你不要以为我也和你一样内疚。

11. And does that mean that this year, too, lives will be lost as a matter of course in the Los Angeles River and in other channels? 难道说今年在洛杉矶河以及别的河里再死几个人,也是理所当然的吗?
“as a matter of course”意为:“as a regular habit or usual procedure 作为理所当然的事;按照常规”。
例:I check my in-tray every morning as a matter of course. 我照例每天早晨查看收文盘。

(二)参考译文:
衷肠曲(续)
南希.J.里格
我们每天遇事都要拿主意,主意拿得对不对,会影响自己的生活,有时也影响别人的生活。去年,瓦伦廷节过后第三天,那是一个普通的星期天,连日下大雨,终于出了太阳。我和艾勒决定把狗带出去遛遛,不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。现在回想起来,就仿佛是一场梦,当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天,许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍,他们那样大胆,不知道危险就在眼前,使我们非常吃惊。有两个小男孩特别引起我们的注意。他们在河对岸一面骑着车来回奔驰,一面戏弄河水,显然是被水的威力和魅力迷住了。一个孩子骑的是一辆鲜艳的黄色自行车,车轮挨着了水边。请注意,刚刚挨着水边。可是,哎呀,水的力量很大,一转眼就把车子从他身下冲走,他也四脚朝天摔倒在河岸上。这时他拿定主意,跳进河里去捞车,可是河水急速地冲着他顺流而下,小脸上现出了惊恐的神色。接着就该我们拿主意了。
艾勒为什么要跑去救那个孩子呢?我为什么没有阻拦,反而支持他去呢?我认为,拯救危难之中的儿童是人最大的本能。看一看那孩子的脸,那脸上恐惧和绝望的表情,听一听他那呼救的声音,我们固有的对孩子的爱就为我们拿定主意。艾勒立刻跑过桥去,跳过栏杆,跑到了水边。他在岸上安全的地方够不着那个孩子,于是就迈步往水里走去。到了水里,他大惊失色,因为河水把他也卷了进去,使他无法很快完成自己的使命。从他的表情可以看出,他的处境,就连他那样身体强壮、动作灵敏的人也是难以应付的。孩子就在艾勒前面不远的地方,但他总是够不着,好像一座小小的灯塔,引导他走向死亡之门。
……
“这条河里年年都要死人,”当天下午一个警察以一种无可奈何的神气沮丧地对我说。在他写报告的时候,并没有显出多么同情的样子。不过,当时全城却闹得人心惶惶。他的言外之意是,我们下水救人,本来就不对。他真是在指责我们吗?还是我那极度内疚的心情影响了他?还是他只不过说出真情实况而已?难道说今年在洛杉矶河以及别的河里再死几个人,也是理所当然的吗?有没有哪一家的父母去年听了我的呼吁,提醒自己的孩子注意这种危险呢?我们能不能从别人的悲惨遭遇中吸取一点教训呢?
我问那个警察,我们当时应该怎么办?“什么也别干。叫警察。干吗要送两条命呢?小家伙走运,逃出来了。那样的河水,你斗不过它的——是没法保住性命的。”是啊!不过一看见那张小脸带着害怕淹死的恐怖神情被激流越冲越远,我们就把明哲保身的金科玉律统统打破了。霎时间,孩子和艾勒都不见了。那天晚上,孩子回到了家里,艾勒却永远没有回来。
现在呢,又下雨了。

二、How to Grow Old
(一)解说:
1. I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. 我认为,如果老年人对于周围的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。
原句结构紧凑,精炼,信息量大,译文很难保持原句式。英语的定语从句处理成汉语的状语从句,读起来更自然。
“impersonal”一词,若译作“个人以外的”,还不如译作“周围的”,因为汉语很少说“个人以外的事情”,故转译成“周围的事情”,更符合汉语的表达方式。

2. It is in this sphere that the long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being opssive. 在这一方面,他们由于阅历深,是能够真正做得卓有成效的,也正是在这一方面,他们从经验中得出的智慧既可以发挥作用,又不致使人感到强加于人。
整个句子由两个并列的强调句组成,还有点递进的关系,故译作“在这一方面…,也是正是在这一方面…”。
“the long experience is really fruitful”意思是“资深的阅历可以真正发挥作用”。
“born of experience”是过去分词,作定语,修饰wisdom,意为“从经验中得出的智慧”。

3. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. 告诫成年子女不要犯错误,那是没有用的,一来他们不听你的,二来犯错误本身也是受教育的一个重要方面。
“It is no use”是表达了作者的态度。“It”是形式主语,所指内容是“telling grown-up children not to make mistakes”。在翻译时,注意英汉表达方面的不同。英语是先评论或表态,然后再说出所要表态的事情。汉语则正好相反,先说明具体的事情,然后再表态。

4. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. 但是如果你这个人对于周围的事情不感兴趣,就会感到生活空虚,要不你就老惦记着儿孙。
“concern oneself with/in/about sth”意为:be busy with sth; interest oneself in sth 忙于(某事物);关心(某事)。
例:There's no need to concern yourself with this matter; we're dealing with it.你不用管这事了,我们正在处理。

5. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material service, such as making them an allowance or knitting them ers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company. 假若是这样的话,你可要明白,虽然你还可以在物质方面给他们以帮助,比如给他们帮帮忙,或者为他们织毛衣,但你决不要指望他们会喜欢跟你做伴。
“in that case” 意为:if that happens or has happened; if that is the state of affairs既然是这样;假若是这样的话。
例:You don't like your job? In that case why don't you leave?你不喜欢这份工作?那你怎么不辞掉呢?
“render a service (to sb)”的意思是:为某人服务。
“make them an allowance”意为:regard sb as deserving to be treated differently from others for some reasons(因某原因需区别对待面)体谅、照顾某人。并不是“给他们零用钱”的意思。“给他们零用钱”的英语是“give them an allowance”。
“ers”是美语“无袖连衣裙”的意思,在这里统译为“织毛衣”。
“company”意为:being together with another or others陪伴;与他人在一起。
例:I enjoy his company. 我喜欢和他在一起。(i.e. I like being with him.)

6. Some old people are opssed by the fear of death. 有些老年人因怕死而惶惶不安。
“opss”意为:make (sb) feel worried, uncomfortable or unhappy使(某人)担心、烦恼或不幸。
例1) He was opssed with poverty. 他因贫穷而烦恼。
2) The heat opssed him and made him ill. 他热得病了。

7. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. 如果青年人由于某种原因认为自己会在战斗中死去,从而无法享受生活中最美好的东西,因而感到痛苦,这是无可指责的。
这是一个长句,包含有三个从句。在翻译长句时,首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系(因果、时间顺序等),再按照汉语特点和表达方式,正确地译出原文的意思,不拘泥于原文的形式。
文中意思本来就是一种假设,故把“who have reason...”这个定语从句处理成条件句是合乎情理的。
“cheat sb of sth”意为:vent sb form having sth防止某人得到某事物。并不是受骗上当的意思。(注:教材第154页提示7之解释有误。)

8. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. 但是对老年人来说,他经历了人生的酸甜苦辣,自己能做的事情都做到了,怕死就未免有些可鄙,有些不光彩了。
“in an old man...”中的“in”用以引出某人姓名。
例1) We have lost a first-rate teacher in Jim. 我们失去了吉姆这位一流的教师。
例2) You will always find a good friend in me. 我永远是你的好朋友。

9. An individual human existence should be like a river - small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. 人的一生应当像条河,开头河身狭窄,夹在两岸之间,随后河水奔腾咆哮,流过巨石,飞下悬崖。
“rushing”前面的“and”具有承下启上的作用,译文中就用“随后”来衔接。
“past boulders and over waterfalls”是个介词短语,译成汉语时分别给名词添上了不同的动词。这在翻译中也是常见的手法。

10. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. 如果随着精力的衰退,日见倦怠,就会觉得长眠未尝不是一件好事。
“not unwelcome”是双重否定,译文用“未尝不是”,在句法上尽量和原文保持一致。

(二)参考译文:
怎样才能活得老(续)
罗素
我认为,如果老年人对于周围的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。在这一方面,他们由于阅历深,是能够真正做得卓有成效的,也正是在这一方面,他们从经验中得出的智慧既可以发挥作用,又不致使人感到强加于人。告诫成年子女不要犯错误,那是没有用的,一来他们不听你的,二来犯错误本身也是受教育的一个重要方面。但是如果你这个人对于周围的事情不感兴趣,就会感到生活空虚,要不你就老惦记着儿孙。假若是这样的话,你可要明白,虽然你还可以在物质方面给他们以帮助,比如给他们零用钱,或者为他们织毛衣,但你决不要指望他们会喜欢跟你做伴。
有些老年人因怕死而惶惶不安。年轻人有这种情绪是情有可原的。如果青年人由于某种原因认为自己会在战斗中死去,从而无法享受生活中最美好的东西,因而感到痛苦,这是无可指责的。但是对老年人来说,他经历了人生的酸甜苦辣,自己能做的事情都做到了,怕死就未免有些可鄙,有些不光彩了。要克服这种怕死的念头,最好的办法——至少在我看来——就是要逐渐使自己关心更多的事情,关心那些不跟自己直接有关的事情,到后来,个人主义的壁垒就会慢慢消失,个人的生活也就越来越和社会生活融合在一起了。人的一生应当像条河,开头河身狭窄,夹在两岸之间,慢慢地河水奔腾咆哮,流过巨石,飞下悬崖。后来河面逐渐展宽,两岸离得越来越远,河水也流得较为平缓,最后流进大海,与海水浑然一体,看不出任何界线。从而结束其单独存在的那一段历程,但毫无痛苦之感。如果一个人到了老年能够这样看待自己的一生,他就不会害怕死亡,因为他所关心的一切将会继续下去。如果随着精力的衰退,日见倦怠,就会觉得长眠未尝不是一件好事。我就希望工作时死去,知道自己不再能做的事有人会继续做下去,并且一想到自己能做的事都已做到了,就非常满足。

三、旧梦重温(续)
(一)解说:
1. 意大利是我最喜欢的一个欧洲国家。Italy was my favorite country in Europe.
就这句话本身来讲也可以用一般现在时来翻译。但从全篇来看,整个第一段都是在说过去的事,故除了最后一句外,其它都译作过去时。
“favorite”是“最喜欢”的意思。

2. 它是有石头建造起来的:石头的宫殿、教堂,石头的斗兽场,石头的雕像,石头的道路,路边也常有喷泉。Built up with stone, it had stone palaces and churches, stone arenas, stone statues and stone roads dotted with fountains on either side.
原文首先用一完整的句子来概述,然后列举。英语当然也可以译成“It was built with stones: stone palaces and churches, stone arenas, stone statues and stone roads dotted with fountains on either side.”但在文采方面略有逊色。
“路边也常有喷泉”说明路边有多处喷泉,故用“dotted with...”来表达。这个词组的意思是“place (things or people) here and there; scatter将(物或人)分布各处;分散”。

3. 罗马是建在七山之上的城市,拥有大小500座教堂,我几乎都去过了。Rome was located on seven hills with 500 churches, big and small, and I visited nearly all of them.
“建”也可以译作“was built”,但此词侧重于“建”这个动作。而“was located”则侧重于地理位置。
“拥有”是个动词,在译文中被处理成一个介词“with”,结构严谨。
在汉语中“大小”放在“500座”的前面,作修饰语,而译文中的“big and small”是补语,只能放在后面。
“and”用来连接前后两个分句,使之行文非常紧凑。

4. 梵蒂冈就是在圣彼得教堂附近,是罗马教皇的宫殿,这是一个“国中之国“! Not far from St Peter's was the Vatican, the palace of the Pope in Rome, constituting a country within a country.
译文被处理成一个倒装句,这样能使同位语紧跟在所修饰的名词后面,然后有“constituting a country within a country构成一个国中之国”这样一个分词短语来译出“这是一个‘国中之国’”,比直译作“and it's a country within a country”来得更有文采。

5. 只记得门警是瑞士兵士,穿着黄色制服,别的没有印象了。All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.
“All I remember now is that...”已经说明别的不记得了,故原文“别的没有印象了”无需译出。

6. 佛罗伦萨给我留下的,除了美术馆里的雕像和壁画之外,还有一座座府第墙壁上的灯座,每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环,是聚会或宴客时拴马用的,十分别致! What remains of Florence in my memory is, apart from the sculptures and murals in the art galleries, the lamps on the walls of the mansions, with an iron ring under each of them, for tying horses at parties and banquets. It was just unique.
原文是一段,且只有长长的一句,要译好很不容易。译文把“佛罗伦萨给我留下的”处理成一个名词性从句,“in my memory”是根据原文意思添加的。“除了…之外”所对应的英文是“apart from...”意思是“in addition to...”。“每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环”从汉语的结构上讲是一个完整的句子,译文将其处理成一个介词短语,仍然成能贴切地反映原意。“是聚会或宴客时拴马用的”说出了铁环的用途,译文用一个介词短语“for tying...”表示目的。“十分别致”是对前面细节描述的总评价,相对独立,故译文独立成句。这样,前面用了丰富的结构译出了主要的部分,结构紧凑,环环相扣,最后用一个简短的句子结束整段文字的翻译,还能使读者体会到作者的感叹之情。

7. 信笔写来,竟然差不多都是写我自己的回忆,这就说明了这本散文的魅力。Letting my pen take its course, I have written about practically nothing but my own memories and this is proof of the charm of this collection of essays.
“take its course”的意思是:develop as is usual; proceed to the usual end听其自然发展;按常规进行。
“nothing but”意为:only仅仅;只。
“and”连接前后两个分句。

8. 我应该说一地同志这本回忆童年和旅游的散文集子,不但是青少年最好的读物,大人们也应当拿来看看。因为这是一本写情真挚、写景鲜明;流畅、健康、引人向上的散文作品。I must say that Yidi's book about his childhood and his travels is a best choice for young people and should be read by adults as well, because it is sincere in feeling and lucid in description. It is a very readable, healthy and inspiring book.
“and...as well”是“也”的意思。
原文从“因为”开始另起一句,但英文“because”通常不独立成句,除非紧跟在问句后面。所以译文用小写的“because”把从句和上文联系起来,然后把“流畅、健康、引人向上的散文作品”处理成一句,非常自然。

(二)参考译文:
Going Through Old Dreams (2)
Italy was my favorite country in Europe. Built up with stone, it had stone palaces and churches, stone arenas, stone statues and stone roads dotted with fountains on either side. Rome was located on seven hills with 500 churches, big and small, and I visited nearly all of them. The biggest ones were St Peter's, St Maria's St John's and St Paul's. Not far from St Peter's was the Vatican, the palace of the Pope in Rome, constituting a country within a country. I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.
What remains of Florence in my memory is, apart from the sculptures and murals in the art galleries, the lamps on the walls of the mansions, with an iron ring under each of them, for tying horses at parties and banquets. It was just unique.
Owing to the difference in times and perspective, Yidi's description of those places has brought their other aspects to my attention and broadened my knowledge.
Letting my pen take its course, I have written about practically nothing but my own memories and this is proof of the charm of this collection of essays. I must say that Yidi's book about his childhood and his travels is a best choice for young people and should be read by adults as well, because it is sincere in feeling and lucid in description. It is a very readable, healthy and inspiring book.
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第6章 Unit 6 Literature (1)
1. 文学作品选篇。这一部分的特点是:以对话为主,穿插一定量的叙述和心理描写。对话像对话,易于上口。不同的人在不同场合,说话各有其特点。
2. 语言对比:
(1) 选词。文学作品语言丰富生动,选择词语的余地大。有些词语,包括习语,有许多含义,要根据上下文确定,因此翻译时要根据上下文选择最恰当的词语,特别是动词和形容词。
例1)But there isn't anything here right now that I could offer you. We don't make changes.
不过眼下我这儿没有什么事给你做。我们不常换人。
2) No, sir, but couldn't I pick it up tty quick if I tried hard?
是的,先生,不过我只要拼命学,不是很快就会学会吗?
3)The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.
站在我面前的是一位身材高大,衣着讲究的先生,与我先前想象的老海怪完全不同。
(2) 对话。对话有口语的特点。对话可以体现说话者的身份、心情以及他对人、对事的态度。翻译对话时译文要像对话。
例1) "Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield."
别对我这么吆五喝六的,约翰•德贝菲尔。
2) "Ever work in a place like this before?"
“从前在这种地方做过吗?”
3. 考核要求:翻译中有处理下列问题的能力:
(1) 所选文学作品的特点及理解方面的难点
(2) 选词
(3) 对话

Exercise 16 a

一、解说
1、本练习选自蒂姆•霍尔改写的《德伯家的苔丝》(原著作者:托玛斯•哈代)。
2、With this, the vicar rode on his way.
1)this指上文,也就是我们的课文中的最后一句话:'No, thank you---not this evening, Durbeyfield. You've had enough already.'
2)翻译rode时要注意选词。
译文:
牧师这样把话说完以后,骑马上赶路。

3、In a few minutes a young man appeared, walking in the same direction as Durbeyfield had been.
had been 后面省了walking,理解时一定要在心中把它补完整,才不至于译错。
appeared:出现, 翻译时可以根据本来的意思,选择更适合译文语境的词。
译文:
过了几分钟,来了一个小伙子,与刚才德贝菲尔同方向走的。
4、'Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield. You know my name as well as I know yours! '
1) order somebody about把某人差来差去
2) You know my name as well as I know yours! '如果按字面翻译为:
"我知道你的名字,你也知道我的名字。"与上下文不配,意思不清楚。原文以感叹号结束,翻译时一定要把说话者的"不服气"的语气翻译出来。因此这里一定要意译。
译文:
"别把我差来差去的,约翰•德贝菲尔。咱们谁不认识谁呀!"
5、...take the message I' m going to give you.
注意I' m going to give you是限制性定语从句,这里用前置法翻译较合适。
译文:
替我要让你捎的口信送走。
6、Well, Fred, I don't mind telling you my secret.
Well在这里并没有"好的"的意思,表示说话者的一种语气,根据下文,他要捎的口信是
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第6章 Unit 6 Literature (1)
1. 文学作品选篇。这一部分的特点是:以对话为主,穿插一定量的叙述和心理描写。对话像对话,易于上口。不同的人在不同场合,说话各有其特点。
2. 语言对比:
(1) 选词。文学作品语言丰富生动,选择词语的余地大。有些词语,包括习语,有许多含义,要根据上下文确定,因此翻译时要根据上下文选择最恰当的词语,特别是动词和形容词。
例1)But there isn't anything here right now that I could offer you. We don't make changes.
不过眼下我这儿没有什么事给你做。我们不常换人。
2) No, sir, but couldn't I pick it up tty quick if I tried hard?
是的,先生,不过我只要拼命学,不是很快就会学会吗?
3)The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.
站在我面前的是一位身材高大,衣着讲究的先生,与我先前想象的老海怪完全不同。
(2) 对话。对话有口语的特点。对话可以体现说话者的身份、心情以及他对人、对事的态度。翻译对话时译文要像对话。
例1) "Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield."
别对我这么吆五喝六的,约翰•德贝菲尔。
2) "Ever work in a place like this before?"
“从前在这种地方做过吗?”
3. 考核要求:翻译中有处理下列问题的能力:
(1) 所选文学作品的特点及理解方面的难点
(2) 选词
(3) 对话

Exercise 16 a

一、解说
1、本练习选自蒂姆•霍尔改写的《德伯家的苔丝》(原著作者:托玛斯•哈代)。
2、With this, the vicar rode on his way.
1)this指上文,也就是我们的课文中的最后一句话:'No, thank you---not this evening, Durbeyfield. You've had enough already.'
2)翻译rode时要注意选词。
译文:
牧师这样把话说完以后,骑马上赶路。

3、In a few minutes a young man appeared, walking in the same direction as Durbeyfield had been.
had been 后面省了walking,理解时一定要在心中把它补完整,才不至于译错。
appeared:出现, 翻译时可以根据本来的意思,选择更适合译文语境的词。
译文:
过了几分钟,来了一个小伙子,与刚才德贝菲尔同方向走的。
4、'Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield. You know my name as well as I know yours! '
1) order somebody about把某人差来差去
2) You know my name as well as I know yours! '如果按字面翻译为:
"我知道你的名字,你也知道我的名字。"与上下文不配,意思不清楚。原文以感叹号结束,翻译时一定要
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头衔:有灵魂的骷髅
等级:斑竹
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第6章 Unit 6 Literature (1)
1. 文学作品选篇。这一部分的特点是:以对话为主,穿插一定量的叙述和心理描写。对话像对话,易于上口。不同的人在不同场合,说话各有其特点。
2. 语言对比:
(1) 选词。文学作品语言丰富生动,选择词语的余地大。有些词语,包括习语,有许多含义,要根据上下文确定,因此翻译时要根据上下文选择最恰当的词语,特别是动词和形容词。
例1)But there isn't anything here right now that I could offer you. We don't make changes.
不过眼下我这儿没有什么事给你做。我们不常换人。
2) No, sir, but couldn't I pick it up tty quick if I tried hard?
是的,先生,不过我只要拼命学,不是很快就会学会吗?
3)The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.
站在我面前的是一位身材高大,衣着讲究的先生,与我先前想象的老海怪完全不同。
(2) 对话。对话有口语的特点。对话可以体现说话者的身份、心情以及他对人、对事的态度。翻译对话时译文要像对话。
例1) "Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield."
别对我这么吆五喝六的,约翰•德贝菲尔。
2) "Ever work in a place like this before?"
“从前在这种地方做过吗?”
3. 考核要求:翻译中有处理下列问题的能力:
(1) 所选文学作品的特点及理解方面的难点
(2) 选词
(3) 对话
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Exercise 16 a


一、解说

1、本练习选自蒂姆·霍尔改写的《德伯家的苔丝》(原著作者:托玛斯·哈代)。

2、With this, the vicar rode on his way.
1)this指上文,也就是我们的课文中的最后一句话:'No, thank you---not this evening, Durbeyfield. You've had enough already.'
2)翻译rode时要注意选词。
译文:
牧师这样把话说完以后,骑马上赶路。

3、In a few minutes a young man appeared, walking in the same direction as Durbeyfield had been.
had been 后面省了walking,理解时一定要在心中把它补完整,才不至于译错。
appeared:出现, 翻译时可以根据本来的意思,选择更适合译文语境的词。
译文:
过了几分钟,来了一个小伙子,与刚才德贝菲尔同方向走的。

4、'Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield. You know my name as well as I know yours! '
1) order somebody about把某人差来差去
2) You know my name as well as I know yours! '如果按字面翻译为:
"我知道你的名字,你也知道我的名字。"与上下文不配,意思不清楚。原文以感叹号结束,翻译时一定要把说话者的"不服气"的语气翻译出来。因此这里一定要意译。
译文:
"别把我差来差去的,约翰·德贝菲尔。咱们谁不认识谁呀!"

5、...take the message I' m going to give you.
注意I' m going to give you是限制性定语从句,这里用前置法翻译较合适。
译文:
替我要让你捎的口信送走。

6、Well, Fred, I don't mind telling you my secret.
Well在这里并没有"好的"的意思,表示说话者的一种语气,根据下文,他要捎的口信是让酒店叫一辆马车和让他妻子把洗衣服的事儿停下。但他没有说理由,小伙子不服气他这样使唤他,因此他犹豫之后觉得还是说出理由。Well在这里一方面表示说话者的犹豫,另一方面well常常用于重新开始说话,在此也有这层意思。Well本身不一定要用具体的词表达,只要译文中有这样的语气即可。
译文:
我看,弗雷德,我还是把秘密讲给你听。

7、And as he said this, Durbeyfield lay down on the grass and looked up with pleasure at the sky.
As 引导时间状语从句时,从句中的谓语动词表示的动作还没有完成时,主句中的谓语动词表达的动作发生了,因此常常用"边...边..."来翻译as。翻译时一定要把这些细节翻译出来.
With pleasure: 快乐地,愉快地
译文:
德贝菲尔一边说着这些话,一边在草地上躺下来,愉快地仰望着天空。

8、Well, in that city's church there lie-
Lie在这里是"躺"的意思,"躺"往往指那些有生命的人或其它动物,而描写这些祖先最好用"埋"。
Well 表示语气转换,可以不译。
译文:
在那个城市的教堂里,埋着--

9、It's not a city, the place I mean. At least it wasn't when I was there.
= It's not a city. I mean in the church in that place there lie.... At least it wasn't a city when I was there.
理解原文是正确翻译的前提。一定要读懂原文字里行间的意思,把省略的部分理解出来。
以下翻译不恰当:
不是城市,我是说那个地方不是城市。至少我上那儿去的时候它还不是一个城市。
the place I mean用来接前面的话并更正前面的话。因此改译为:
不是城市,我是说那个地方(的教堂里)。至少我上那儿去的时候那地方还不是一个城市。

10、It doesn't matter about the place, that's not the question.
matter: be important
英语口语中省略较多,翻译时应用增词法将省略部分补上。
that's not the question= that's not the question that we want to talk about
译文:
关于那地方,不怎么重要,这不是我们要说的事。
11、No man in South Wessex has greater and richer ancestors than I.
No man... than I...形式上是一个比较级,但表达了最高级意义,因此,可以译为:
在南威塞克斯,我的祖宗最气派、最有钱。
12、this made a difference in the young man' s thoughts on the matter.
made a difference: be very important

13、I'd forgotten it in the middle of all my excitement.
我一激动就把这事给忘了。
二、参考译文
《德伯家的苔丝》(摘录2)
牧师这样把话说完以后,骑着马继续赶路。牧师去远以后,德贝菲尔走了几步,仿佛是在梦中一般。随后,他在路旁的草地上坐下来。过了几分钟,来了一个小伙子,与刚才德贝菲尔同方向走的。
"小子,拎着我的篮子!我要你为我做点儿事情。"
"别把我差来差去的,约翰·德贝菲尔。咱们谁不认识谁呀!"
"你认得我?你知道我的名儿?这正是秘密,正是秘密呀!现在,照我的吩咐去做,替我要让你捎的口信送走。我看,弗雷德,我还是把秘密讲给你听。我是一个贵族人家的成员哩。这是我在今天下午刚刚发现的。"德贝菲尔一边说着这些话,一边在草地上躺下来,愉快地仰望着天空。
那小伙子站在德贝菲尔面前,把他从头到脚打量了一番。
"约翰·德伯维尔爵士--那就是我,"德贝菲尔继续说道。"我的一切都记录在历史书中。小子,你知道不知道青山下的金斯伯尔这个地方?"
"嗯,我去过那儿。"
"在那个城市的教堂里,埋着--"
"不是城市,我是说那个地方的教堂里。至少我上那儿去的时候它还不是一个城市。那是一个一丁点儿的地方。'
"关于那地方,不怎么重要,这不是我们要说的事"。在王陴那儿的教堂里,有好几百位我的祖宗。在南威塞克斯,我的祖宗最气派、最有钱。"
"噢?"
"现在嘛,拿着我的篮子,到马勒特村去吧。你到了纯酒酒店的时候,吩咐他们立即给我派一辆单马马车来。我要坐车回家。办完那件事儿后,你就拎着篮子上我家去。叫我老婆把洗衣服的事儿停下,因为她用不着干完这事啦。我有新闻要告诉她。"
因为那小伙子显出疑惑的神情,德贝菲尔就把手放进口袋,掏出一先令。那是他仅有的几个先令中的一个。
"这是给你的,小子,要是你捎口信的话。"
这就使小伙子对这件事情的想法改变了。
"是啦,约翰爵士。谢谢您啦。还有什么要我为您效劳的吗,约翰爵士?"
"告诉家里人说我要吃顿一年里头最丰盛的晚饭。"
"是啦,约翰爵士。"
小伙子拎起篮子。他上路的时候,他们听见从村庄那头传来一阵乐声。
"那是做什么?"德贝菲尔说道。"那不是因为我的新闻,是吧?"
"那是妇女游行会,正出来游行呐,约翰爵士。您自己女儿还是会员呢。"
"哦,是啦,你讲对罗。我一阵激动,把这事给忘了。好啦,请你上马勒特去,给我叫一辆马车来吧。"
小伙子走了。夕阳下,德贝菲尔躺在草地上等着。好长时间没有人经过那儿。从远处村庄那头传来的乐声是这山谷中惟一的人类的声音。

Exercise 16 b

一、解说
1、Once the club was in the field, dancing began.
the club这里指参加俱乐部游行的人
once 引导时间状语从句,可以用"一旦..."或"一...就..."翻译, 根据上下文,这里可用后者。
译文:
游行队伍一进场地,跳舞便立即开始。
2、They were too well-dressed to be villagers.
注意too...to这个结构的翻译,too...to do这个结构,是以不定词来修饰前面的too字,因而这个不定词含有否定的含义,译成"太...而不能",They were too well-dressed to be villagers.相当于They were so well-dressed that they couldn't be villagers.
他们衣着很讲究,不可能是村里人。
下文有类例:
Probably he was too young to have started anything yet.
也许他年纪还太轻,还未曾开始做什么。
3、The two older brothers plainly wanted to move on quickly, but the sight of a group of girls dancing without men seemed to amuse the third.
plainly: obviously
move on: continue to move
译文:
两个哥哥显然想赶快继续赶路,可是那第三个却似乎被这没有男舞伴的姑娘们对舞的情景逗乐了。
4、Nonsense!这里是"胡闹"的意思。
5、Come along, or it will be dark before we get to Stourcastle.
英语里正面表达的句子,翻译时在汉语里需要用反面来表达。Before引导的从句很多情况下需要从反面来表达。例如:
The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.
游击队员宁愿战斗到死,而决不投降。
译文:
我们赶不到斯图堡天就要黑了
6、I promise that I will, Felix.
用增词法翻译本句,把省略部分catch up with you补上。
我保证准赶上你们, 费利克斯。
7、They haven't finished work yet.
注意work一词意义很泛,在具体的语境中要把具体的意义翻译出来。这里是指"农活"。
8、But what is one man among so many girls?
=What is the use of one man when there are so many girls?
可是这么多姑娘, 只有一个男人有什么用呢?
9、But because they were all so new to him, he didn't know where to start. So he took the nearest.
注意此句中三个斜体部分,它们都很好理解,但表达时要注意选词。
译文:
那年轻人看着这群姑娘,打算挑一个。但是,这些姑娘他一个也不认识,不知从哪个开始挑才好。所以他挑了一个离他最近的。
10、his was not the speaker, as she had hoped;
他挑中的并不是刚才答话的姑娘,尽管她希望自己被选中;
注意本句as引导的方式状语从句,含有让步的意义,因此译成让步状语从句。

二、参考译文
《德伯家的苔丝》(摘录3)
游行队伍一进场地,跳舞便立即开始。有几个姑娘马上互作舞伴,开始跳起来,有一些只是站在四周,边看边说着话儿。
这群人中间,有三个年轻的兄弟。他们衣着很讲究,不可能是村里人。最年长的那个是牧师,第二个显然是学生。要猜出第三个兄弟是干什么的,可就困难多了。也许他年纪还太轻,还未曾开始做什么。这三兄弟正在布莱克摩山谷徒步游历度假。他们靠着路旁的栅门,探身向人打听这游行会跳舞是什么意思。两个哥哥显然想赶快继续赶路,可是那第三个却似乎被这没有男舞伴的姑娘们对舞的情景逗乐了。他不想急着离去。所以他卸下行装,放在草地上,把栅门打开了。
"安吉尔,你要干什么?"老大问。
"我想去同她们跳一回。我们为什么不都去呢?就跳一两分钟--用不了多少工夫。"
"不,不要去。胡闹!"老大说。"在公共场所,与一大群乡下毛丫头跳舞!我真想不到你竟会转到这么一个念头。一道走吧,要不然,我们赶不到斯图堡天就要黑了,那可是我们今晚上唯一能投宿的地方啊。"
"好吧。过五分钟, 我就会赶上你和卡思伯特的。别停下来等我。我保证准赶上你们, 费利克斯。"
两个哥哥走了,那最小的兄弟便走进场地里。
"真是万分可惜,"他对近旁的两个姑娘说。"你们的小伙子都上哪儿去啦?"
"他们还没干完活哪,"胆子最大的姑娘里有一个答道。"他们马上就会来的。你愿不愿意与我们一起跳,跳到他们来啊?"
"当然愿意啦。可是这么多姑娘, 只有一个男人有什么用呢?"
"总比一个都没强。女的跟女的跳,可真没劲。来,挑一个吧。"
那年轻人看着这群姑娘,打算挑一个。但是,这些姑娘他一个也不认识,不知从哪个开始挑才好。所以他挑了一个离他最近的。他挑中的并不是刚才答话的姑娘,尽管她希望自己被选中;也不是苔丝·德贝菲尔。她那高贵的德贝菲尔家血统还没来帮她的忙呢。
一阵教堂钟声使这个年轻人突然想起他该走了。他在退出队时看见了苔丝·德贝菲尔。她朝他瞧瞧,他呢,对于没有同她跳舞,心里感到一阵懊丧。当他爬到高出舞场的那座小山时,他还回头张望了一下。他看得到姑娘们的白色身影在草地上舞动着。看来,她们全都把他给忘了。
她们全都把他给忘了,可或许有一个人没忘。这个白色的身影独自离群站在栅门边。他知道这就是他不甘同她跳舞的那个漂亮姑娘。虽说事非重要,但他感觉得到她为此而伤了心。他真希望自己当时请她跳了舞,现在又知道她的芳名,那该有多好。穿着那身薄薄的白衣裳,她是多么可爱,多么温柔哪。那年轻人觉得自己刚才的行为太傻。可是现在他对此已不能做什么。他转身走去,把这件事丢到了脑后。

Exercise 17


一、解说
1、练习材料出处参见课文讲解注释。
2、"You want to see me?" queried the captain of the bell-hops, turning to Clyde, and observing his none-too-good clothes, at the time making a comhensive study of him.
1)turning...、observing...、 making...三个现在分词短语并列,伴随动作queried同时发生,作句子的状语,因此翻译时要把动作的同时性译出来,可以用“一边...一边...”来译。
2)none-too-good clothes:不大好的衣服
3)make a comhensive study of...对...进行全面的/仔细的研究或观察
译文:
“你要找我吧?”领班转过身来,一边问,一边打量他那套不大好的衣服,同时仔细端详他。
3、“The gentleman in the drug store," began Clyde, who did not like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to set himself as agreeably as possible. "was saving - that is, he said that I might ask you if there was any chance here for me as a bell-boy...."
1)这里的从句who did not like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to sent himself as agreeably as possible.是非限制性定语从句,补充说明Clyde这人,所以可以用后置法翻译。
2)was determined to do...下定决心要做...
3)sent: introduce
4) agreeably: pleasantly ;as agreeably as possible: 尽可能令人愉快地
5) looks:神态
6)- that is: 这里的破折号表示说话停顿;that is:也就是说
破折号加上that is,说明说话者心理紧张,说话吞吞吐吐,译文要体现讲话者的这种心理状态。这是文学翻译的一个难点。
译文:
“杂货店里那位先生说,”克莱德开口这么说,他其实不大喜欢面前这个人的神气,不过他打定主意要讨对方欢喜。“嗯,我是说,他说我可以请问您一声,能不能在这儿找到一个当服务员的机会。...”
4、Clyde was so flustered and disturbed by the cool, examining eyes of the man before him that he could scarcely get his breath properly, and swallowed hard.
1) the cool, examining eyes:冷冰冰、审视的双眼
2) Clyde was so flustered and disturbed by the cool, examining eyes of the man是一句被动句,译成主动句,读起来更通顺。
3) swallowed:吞,这里根据上下文,用增词法译成“吞口水”,这样译文显得更自然些。
译文:
克莱德面前这个人那双冷冰冰的、审视的眼睛,把他弄得非常紧张不安,他连气都透不匀,只是使劲咽口水。
5、For the first time in his life, it occurred to him that if he wanted to get on he ought to insinuate himself into the good graces of people - do or say something that would make them like him.
1)it occurred to sb. that...:某人突然想到...
2)grace: 恩赐;恩惠
graces:(复数) 恩遇 be in sb's good (bad) graces: 受(不受)某人恩宠
3)insinuate: 使逐渐巧妙地进入,潜入
insinuate oneself into sb's favour想某人献媚求宠
insinuate himself into the good graces of people:奉承别人
4)注意原文同一个意思前半句、后半句风格不一样,翻译文字处理上要体现前半句“雅”(insinuate himself into the good graces of people)、后半句“通俗”(make them like him)的风格。
译文:
他平生第一次想到,如果要找个出路,就得好好地奉承人家,博得人家的欢心,总得做点什么、说些什么话,讨人欢喜才行。
6、willing:心甘情愿的
7、The man before him merely looked at him coldly, but being the soul of craft and self-acquisitiveness in a petty way, and rather liking anybody who had the skill and the will to be diplomatic, he now put aside an impulse to shake his head negatively, and observed: "But you haven't had any training in this work."
1) 注意这是一句并列复合句,but连接。主要结构是:The man...looked..., but he .put aside...and observed:...
put aside和observed是平行的两个谓语动词。
being...和liking...是两个平行的现在分词短语,作原因状语,修饰后面的分句:he now put aside an impulse to shake his head negatively, and observed...
2)observed,同一个单词在不同的上下文里可能表达不同的意义,因此要正确理解原文,observed一词,在本练习的第一句话里表示“watch carefully", 但在本句和下文("Well, let me see," observed the head of the bell-hops,)里表示“说”的意思。
译文:
他面前这个人只是冷冷地望了他一眼,不过他是个爱用心计和好为自己打算的小人物。凡是有一套交际的本领、愿意跟别人搞好关系的人,他都相当喜欢。所以他本来打算摇摇手表示拒绝,现在却没有这么做,只是说:“不过你对这种工作还没有什么经验呀。”
8、Clyde, left alone in this fashion, and not knowing just what it meant, stared, wondering.
本句谓语动词是stared,其余动词都是非谓语。
left alone in this fashion过去分词短语作原因状语,说明stared 的原因。
leave...alone: 不理会
not knowing...是现在分词短语作原因状语,说明stared的原因。
wondering是现在分词,伴随动作stared同时发生,作状语。
译文:
克莱德就这样被孤零零地甩在一边,摸不清这到底是什么意思,瞪大眼睛望着,心里暗自纳闷。


二、参考译文
(美国的悲剧)[摘录2]
“你要找我吧?”领班转过身来,一面问,一面打量他那套不大好的衣服,同时仔细端详他。“杂货店里那位先生说,”克莱德开口这么说,他其实不大喜欢面前这个人的神气,不过他打定主意要讨对方欢喜。“我是说,他说我可以请问您一声,能不能在这儿找到一个当服务员的机会。我眼前在七号街和布鲁克林街拐角的地方,克林克尔先生开的那个杂货店里当伙计,不过我想离开那儿。他说您也许可以,我是说,他想着您这儿眼前正有个空缺要找人。”克莱德面前这个人那双冷冰冰的、审视的眼睛,把他弄得非常紧张不安,他连气都透不匀,只是使劲咽口水。
他平生第一次想到,如果要找个出路,就得好好地奉承人家,博得人家的欢心,总得做点什么、说些什么话,讨人欢喜才行。因此他就对史魁尔斯先生装出一副殷勤、讨好的笑脸’,接着说: “要是你愿意给我一个机会,我一定心甘情愿地卖劲儿千。” 他面前这个人只是冷冷地望了他一眼,不过他是个爱用心计和好为自己打算的小人物。凡是有一套交际的本领、愿意跟别人搞好关系的人,他都相当喜欢。所以他本来打算摇摇手表示拒绝,现在却没有这么做,只是说:“不过你对这种工作还没有什么经验呀。” “是的,先生,不过我只要拼命学,不是很快就能学会吗?”“嗽,让我想想看,”领班一面迟疑不决搔搔头,一面这么说。“我眼下没空跟你多谈,,星期一下午再来一趟吧。到时候我可以见你。“他一转身就走开丁。
克莱德就这样被孤零零地甩在一边,摸不清这到底是什么意思,瞪大眼睛望着,心里暗自纳闷。人家是不是当真叫他星期一再来呢?“是不是可能……他转过身去连忙往外走,一股隐隐约约的快感流遍了全身。多么痛快呀!要求这个人在堪萨斯市这家最漂亮的饭店里给他一个位置,人家居然叫他星期一再来找他。好家伙!这是什么意思?难道人家真会让他插足到这样一个豪华世界里来….“而且这么快就实现?真会有这种好事吗?

Exercise 18

一、解说
1、练习材料出处见课文讲解。
2、“我真傻,真的,”样林嫂抬起她没有神采的眼睛来,接着说。
1)没有神采的眼睛:lackluster eyes
2) 接着说:这里是方言,指“插话”,所以译成put in。
译文:
"I was really too stupid, really. . ." put in Xianglin's Wife, raising her lackluster eyes.

3、我单知道下雪的时候野兽在山坳里没有食吃,会到村里来;我不知道春天也会有。
1) 这是一句并列复合句,分句之间由分号点开,但中间没有关联词语,而英语中分句之间一般要有关联词语连接。因此,这个句子可以用两种方法处理:用断句法手法译成两句,原文中的分号转换成句号;或中间加上并列关联词语,把两个并列句连接起来,原文中的分号转换成逗号。
2) 英语第二个分句是一句省略句,“也会有”指“也会有狼来”,翻译成英语时要用增词法把原文中省略的部分增加出来,而“狼”上文已提到,因此增补时可用代词替代。
译文:
All I knew was that when it snowed and wild beasts up in the hills had nothing to eat, they might come to the villages. I didn't know that in spring they might come ,too.
或:
All I knew was that when it snowed and wild beasts up in the hills had nothing to eat, they might come to the villages,but I didn't know that in spring they might come ,too.
3) 翻译时要注意尽量忠实于原文的风格。口语中一般“不知道”不用"did not know"而用缩略形式"didn't know",而这个问题在汉语里不存在,所以在汉英翻译时要注意。
4) 英语动词有时态的变化,汉语里没有。翻译时要注意正确使用时态,本句原文是样林嫂在讲述过去的辛酸故事,译文要用一般过去时。
4、我一清早起来就开了门,拿篮盛了一篮豆,叫我们的阿毛坐在门槛上剥豆去。
1)这是含有三个并列分句的复合句,后两分句都是承前省,省略了“我”。这样的复合句一般可以译成一句有几个并列谓语动词的英语简单句。
2)这句中有几个连动式(“起来就开了门”、“拿篮盛了一篮豆”、“坐在门槛上剥豆”)和一个兼语式(“叫我们的阿毛坐在门槛上剥豆去”)。
“起来就开了门”:表示先后关系的连动式,可以按原文顺序,把两个动词都译成谓语动词,用and连接:got up and opened the door。
同样的道理,“坐在门槛上剥豆”应译为sit on the doorstep and shell them。
“拿篮盛了一篮豆”:这个连动式不能直译,应意译,这样意思更明了。
当兼语式的第一个动词是“使、叫、让、教、请、引诱、号召、防止.......”等动词时, 译成英语后,在很多情况下其宾语补足语是由不定式来充当的。因此, “叫我们的阿毛坐在门槛上剥豆去”可译成:told our Amao to sit on the doorstep and shell them.
译文:
I got up at dawn and opened the door, filled a small basket with beans and told our Amao to sit on the doorstep and shell them.

5、我就在屋后劈柴,淘米,米下了锅,要蒸豆。
这是一句含有几个承前省的并列分句的复合句,后两分句都省略了“我”。一般可以译成一句有几个并列谓语动词的英语简单句,本句为了显示动作的先后,译成复合句。
译文:
Then I went to the back to chop wood and wash the rice, and when the rice was in the pan I wanted to steam the beans.
6、我叫阿毛,没有应,出去一看,只见豆撒得一地,没有我们的阿毛了。
原文是一句复合句,各分句之间没有关联词语,需要根据原文的逻辑关系,用增词法增加关联词。各分句之间意义相对独立的可以用断句手法,译成独立的句子。
译文(注意译文中的关联词):
I called Amao, but there was no answer. When I went out to look,there were beans all over the ground but no Amao.

7、直到下半天,寻来寻去寻到山坳里,看见刺柴上挂着一只他的小鞋。
这是一句无主句,译成英语时,要根据上下文,增加省略的主语“they”。
译文:
Not until that afternoon, after searching high and low, did they try the gully. There they saw one of his little shoes caught on a bramble.
8、遭了狼了。
1)同注释7一样,省略了主语(“阿毛”), 用增词法把原文中的主语补上。
2)本句是主动形式但表达被动意义的句子,可以译成被动的英语句子,原文中的宾语译成by的介词宾语。
译文:He must have been caught by a wolf.
也可译成主动语态的句子,原文中的宾语做译文中的主语,原文省略的主语,译成宾语。
译文:
A wolf must have got him.
3)注意不要忽视译文中的时态,因为汉语中动词没有时态的变形,要根据上下文推理。这里邻居们在对过去的事情进行推测,因此用must 加完成式。

二、参考译文
The New Year's Sacrifice (Excerpt 2)
by Lu Xun
"I was really too stupid, really. . ." put in Xianglin's Wife, raising her lackluster eyes. "All I knew was that when it snowed and wild beasts up in the hills had nothing to eat, they might come to the villages. I didn't know that in spring they might come ,too. I got up at dawn and opened the door, filled a small basket with beans and told our Amao to sit on the doorstep and shell them. He was such a good boy; he always did as he was told, and out he went. Then I went to the back to chop wood and wash the rice, and when the rice was in the pan I wanted to steam the beans. I called Amao, but there was no answer. When I went out to look there were beans all over the ground but no Amao. He never went to the neighbours' houses to play; and, sure enough, though I asked everywhere he wasn't there. I got so worried, I begged people to help me find him. Not until that afternoon, after searching high and low, did they try the gully. There they saw one of his little shoes caught on a bramble. 'That's bad,' they said. 'A wolf must have got him.' And sure enough, further on, there he was lying in the wolf's den, all his innards eaten away, still clutching that little basket tight in his hand. . . " At this point she broke down and could not go on.
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第7章 Unit 7 Literature (2)

本单元共三课,所选作品主要是叙述和心理描写。第十九课主要是对自然条件的描述。第二十课讲述了一件事情的经过,里面穿插了许多人物对话。第二十一课主要是叙事,里面穿插了一些心理描写。翻译此类作品,要注意连贯性,前后呼应。
本章所涉及到的翻译理论主要有以下几个方面:
一、Cicero did not think it necessary to translate word for word, he served the general style and force of the language.
西塞罗(前106——前43)古罗马政治家、雄辩家和哲学家。他表示没有必要逐字翻译,强调保持原作的总的风格和力量。
二、Saint Jerome had always aimed at translating sense, not words.
哲罗姆(约347——419或420)早期西方教会中学识最渊博的教父,将《圣经》译成拉丁文。他强调翻译意思,而不是翻译孤立的词。
三、Tytler's Three Principles
I. That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
II. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
III. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.
泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747- 1814)在他“论翻译的原则”一文中提出了著名的翻译三原则。在我国翻译界有很大影响,从二十年代直到最近,人们一直在议论。
四、The Art of Translation (Excerpt) by Theodore Savory
西奥多.萨沃里生于1896年,是英国翻译理论家,于1957年发表《翻译艺术》一书。《国外翻译界》在介绍这本书时,称之为“论翻译技巧的最好的著作”。他在书中说到:“Translation, the surmounting of the obstacle, is made possible by an equivalence of thought which lies behind the different verbal exssions of a thought.”另外,他还把译者的工作归结为回答这样三个问题:(i) What does the author say? (ii) What does he mean? (iii) How does he say it?

2.本章指导:
这一部分的特点是:以叙述和心理描写为主,穿插一点对话。叙述包括对自然条件的描述和对事情发生过程的描述。注重连贯性。
在语言对比方面的重点是:
一、描述的连贯性
描述涉及人物、动作、过程和景物。好的描述在连贯性方面一定做得很好,翻译时一定要照顾到原文的连贯性,尽量使译文保持原文的连贯性,尤其注意情节的发展、动作的连贯以及时间状语、地点状语等。
例1) The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination. His air of complete self-assurance and somewhat lordly bearing would have frightened me, had it not been for his warm and hearty handshake. 站在我面前的是一位身材高大、衣着讲究的先生,与我先前想象的老海怪完全不同。他和我握手的时候是那样热情,那样真挚,要不然他那十分自信的神气和略为高傲的派头真会使我害怕呢。
这是一段人物描写,视角是“我”,描写的对象是站在“我”面前的“先生”,所以原文描写的出发点都是以“他”为中心的,译文也应这样处理,由其是第二句,一定要顺着前一句下来,继续用“他”开头,而不能是“我”。

例2) Well, the unpacking didn't take more than five minutes. The toothbrush and the few pieces of underwear, the brown velvet dress, looking hopelessly like a sack, and the dozen books were quickly arranged. The satchel and the little hat wandered into the darkest corner of the huge wardrobe. The New Testament and the Rule of Saint Benedict, together with a little cross, were placed on my night table. 其实, 用了不过五分钟就把行李打开了。一把牙刷,几件内衣,那件棕色丝绒长裙,好像一个大口袋,难看得要命,还有十几本书,这些东西很快就都放好了。那个挎包和那顶小帽子让我扔到衣柜最暗的角落里去了。《新约全书》和《圣本尼狄克规章》,还有一个小十字架,就放在床边的小桌上。
这是打开行李的一个过程描述。原文第一句用“the unpacking”开头,随后的一系列句子都是以物品为主语,始终没有出现“I”字眼。译文依照了原文的连贯性,每句都突出了物品。只有一处用了“让我”,因为属被动结构,“我”不会因此而得到强调。当然也可以用一个“被”字来代替“让我”。

二、心理描写
通常有三种方法用作心理描写:第一种是直接描写心理活动;第二种是通过描述动作来刻画人物的心理;第三种就是通过对话来表现人物的心理状态。翻译时首先要细微地体会原文,然后要把原文的神韵表达出来。
例1) It's raining, again. As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread. It's raining, again. 又下雨了。我躺在床上,睡不着,听着雨点儿落在路面上啪啪作响。我思绪万千,恍恍惚惚进入了一条条幽暗的甬道,回想起许多痛苦的往事。心里一阵冰凉,不禁感到毛骨悚然。是的,又在下雨了。
这是直接描写心理活动的一个例子。雨天、雨声勾起了“我”痛苦的回忆。第一句“It's raining, again.”中有一个逗号,意味深长,再加上最后一句“It's raining, again.”,而且“raining”用了斜体,极度痛苦的回忆慢慢地展开。译文用“又下雨了。”开始,用“是的,又在下雨了。”收尾,非常神似。中间部分是一个长句,用“as”和“and”连接起来,译文如果照搬此结构,译作“当……时”,则显得过于局促,呆板,反映不出那绵绵的思绪。所以用了并列结构,层层展开,尾尾道来,把读者也带进了那痛苦的回忆。

例2) He took me in from top to toe with a quick glance. All of a sudden I became very conscious of my funny dress, and sure enough, there I was diving under my helmet again. But the Captain's eyes rested on my shoes. 他以敏捷的眼光把我从头到脚打量了一番。我突然强烈地感到自己这身衣服非常可笑。我真的又拉了拉帽子,想在帽子底下躲一躲。可是舰长的眼光却落到了我的鞋子上。
这是通过动作描写来刻划心理的一个例子。“我”第一天来到舰长家,衣着讲究的舰长打量“我”的时候,“我”感到局促不安。这种局促不安的心情通过“拉帽子”和“躲在帽子底下”这两个动作来表现的。

例3) 'Boy, take my basket! I want you to do something for me.' 'Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield. You know my name as well as I know yours!' “小伙计,提着我的篮子!我要你为我做点儿事情。”“别对我这么吆五喝六的,约翰?德贝菲尔。咱们谁还不认得谁呀!”
这是通过人物对话来刻划心理的一个例子。苔丝的父亲得知自己的祖先是贵族之后,说话的口气顿时变了。而从被他命令的小伙子的口气中可以看出他根本不把老头放在眼里。

三、反译
英语和汉语都有从正面或反面来表达一种概念的现象。为了行文方便,或为了掌握分寸,如不能按原文的角度译,可从相反的角度来译。
例1) The valley land was deep and rich, but the foothills wore only a skin of topsoil no deeper than the grass roots; 河谷的泥土厚而肥沃,但是山脚的土层却薄得只够扎住草根。
“no deeper than”是“不比…厚”,如正译的话,译文不会通顺,故此处采用了反译,即译为“薄得…”。

例2) When you are a child of the mountains yourself, you really belong to them. You need them. ......如果你是在山里长大的,你肯定对山特别有感情,你离不开它。
把“You need them”译作“你离不开它”是反译,这样译感情更强烈。

例3) The Salinas was only a part-time river. 萨利纳斯只是一条季节性河流。
如不译作“季节性河流”的话,也可以用反译的方法译作“萨利纳斯并不是长年流水不断。”

例4) His air of complete self-assurance and somewhat lordly bearing would have frightened me, had it not been for his warm and hearty handshake. 他和我握手时是那样热情、真挚,要不然他那自信十足且略带傲慢的神情真会使我害怕呢。
整个句子是虚拟语气,“had it not been for his warm and hearty handshake”是条件从句,已倒装,相当于if引导的从句。翻译时使用了反译法,并把否定的意思移到了主句中。

例5) In fact, there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by the controversy that often pits those who style themselves environmentalists against proponents of economic growth in our energy-consuming society. 事实上,国民生活的任何一个方面都涉及这样一种争议——这种争议往往使以环境论者自居的人同美国耗能社会经济增长主张者对立起来。
“there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by...”采用了反译法。

例6) When the reply came a few months later they were enrolled as full members, but Chu's membership was kept a secret from outsiders.
过了几个月,回信来了,两人都被吸收为正式党员,但朱德的党籍没有对外界公开。
“was kept a secret from outsiders”是“对外界保持秘密”的意思,但若采取直译,全句读起来不第7章 Unit 7 Literature (2)

一、East of Eden (2)
(一)解说:
1. The spring flowers in a wet year were unbelievable. 多雨年份的春天,繁花似锦,简直叫人难以置信。
原文很简洁,“spring”是用来修饰“flowers”的,在译文中,把“the spring”和“in a wet year”合在一起译成“多雨年份的春天”,表示时间;原文中的中心结构是“The flowers were unbelievable.”,如直译,会让人费解,应对内在含义译出来,故作“繁花似锦,简直叫人难以置信”。

2. Cracks appeared on the level ground. 平地开始坼裂。
考虑到译文的通顺,本句在结构和词性上作了改变。原句中的主语在译文中成了谓语动词;原句中的地点状语成了主语。词性的转换和结构的调整在翻译中是很常见的。

3. It was a rasping nervous wind. 刺耳的风声叫人心烦。
“rasping”是个现在分词,“rasp”作名词时的意思是:coarse file with rows or sharp points on its surface(s)粗锉刀。“rasp”作动词时的意思是:make an unpleasant grating sound发出刺耳的锉磨声。“rasping”的意思就是:刺耳的。
“nervous”在原句是修饰“wind”的。这是一种修辞手法,称为移就 (Transferred Epithet)。风不会心烦,而是听到风声的人感到心烦。所以译为“刺耳的风声叫人心烦。”

4. Men working in the fields wore goggles and tied handkerchiefs around their noses to keep the dirt out. 在地里干活的人都得戴风镜,把手帕扎在脸上,蒙住鼻子。
“goggles”意为:large round spectacles with flaps at the sides to protect the eyes from wind, dust, water, etc. 护目镜。
“to keep the dirt out”是动词不定式短语作目的状语,根据上下文和常识,戴护目镜就为了防风防尘,所以此动词不定式短语可译可不译。

5. The valley land was deep and rich, but the foothills wore only a skin of topsoil no deeper than the grass roots. 河谷的泥土厚而肥沃,但是山脚的土层却薄得只够扎住草根。
“no deeper than”是“不比…厚”,如正译的话,译文不会通顺,故此处采用了反译,即译为“薄得…”。

6. The land dried up and the grasses headed out miserably a few inches high and great bare scabby places appeared in the valley. 土地干透,草长得萎靡不振,只有几寸高,河谷像害了疥癣似的,大片光秃。
“places”前面有三个形容词,但汉语不能这样堆积,故把它们分成两部分,在结构上也作了调整,和上述第二个注解同理。
“scabby”是名词“scab”加“-by”后构成形容词的,意为:covered with scabs结痂的,有痂的。

7. And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. 而人们在干旱的年月总是忘掉丰饶的日子,到了多雨的年月又把干旱的日子忘得一干二净。
“it never failed”是作者的评论和态度,一般来说要译在句末,但它在意思上和下一句相近,故不宜采用此法,而用“总是”这个词来体现,这样的处理很恰当。
另外,这里有“rich years”和“dry years”,如果均译作年月,太重复了,所以一个译作“日子”,一个译作“年月”。

(二)参考译文:
伊甸之东(摘录2)
宽阔平坦的河谷,表土层厚而肥沃。一冬雨水充足,就能使花草萌发。多雨年份的春天,繁花似锦,简直叫人难以置信。整个河谷以及山麓都铺了一层羽扇豆和罂粟……
一到六月,草开始枯黄,山坡变成了褐色——其实也不能算褐色,而是一种难以形容的金红和桔黄的色泽。从那时候直到下次下雨为止,土地干燥,溪河断流。平地开始坼裂。萨利纳斯河渗到沙底下去了。风吹过河谷,刮起尘土和干草,风势越往南越凶,一般要到晚上才停息。刺耳的风声,叫人心烦,沙粒打在脸上生疼,眼睛都睁不开。在地里干活的人都得戴风镜,把手帕扎在脸上,蒙住鼻子。
河谷的泥土厚而肥沃,但是山脚的土层却薄得只够扎住草根;越往高处,土层越薄,硬石露了头;到了灌木都不生长的地方,只有干巴巴的硬卵石,反射出炙热炫目的阳光。
我已经谈过雨水充沛的丰饶岁月,但也有干旱的年份,那时候,河谷的模样叫人害怕。雨水的多少大致按三十年周期循环。有五六年特别湿润,雨水多达十九到二十五英寸,青草长得满山满谷。接着有六七个好年头,降雨量在十二到十六英寸之间。然后是干旱的年份,只有七八英寸的降雨量。土地干透,草长得萎靡不振,只有几寸高,河谷像害了疥癣似的,大片光秃。原先生气勃勃的橡树浑身上下仿佛结了痂,艾灌丛也变得灰蒙蒙的。地面龟裂,泉水涸竭,牛群没精打采地啃着干树枝。这时候,农场主和牧场主就会对萨利纳斯河谷大为讨厌。牛瘦了,甚至有饿死的。人们用木桶往农场动水,只顾得上喝的。有几户人家变卖了田地房屋,随便函换几个钱,迁到别处去了。而人们在干旱的年月总是忘掉丰饶的日子,到了多雨的年月又把干旱的日子忘得一干二净。一向如此。

二、The Sound of Music (Excerpt 2)
(一)解说:
1. The New Testament and the Rule of Saint Benedict, together with a little cross, were placed on my night table. 《新约全书》和《圣本尼狄克规章》,还有一人小十字架,就放在床头柜上。
“night table”就是床边的小柜,人们习惯叫它床头柜。
“the Rule of Saint Benedict”:This work holds the first place among monastic legislative codes, and was by far the most important factor in the organization and sad of monasticism in the West. Of the seventy-three chapters comprising the Rule, nine treat of the duties of the abbot, thirteen regulate the worship of God, twenty-nine are concerned with discipline and the penal code, ten refer to the internal administration of the monastery, and the remaining twelve consist of miscellaneous regulations.

2. In the red light of the setting sun there stretched a large park with meadows and groups of big trees and meadows again. 在晚霞中,我看到一个大公园,近处是草地和一簇簇的大树,后面又是大片的草地。
汉语只用“晚霞”两个字就概括了“the red light of the setting sun”。

3. And a little further I saw, sharply drawn against the pale evening sky, the profile of my beloved mountain, the Untersberg, just as we had seen it every day from Nonnberg. 再远一点,在黄昏时分灰白色天空的衬托之下,乌特斯堡山的轮廓看得很清楚。乌特斯堡山是我喜爱的一座山,和我以前在农伯格每天见到的一模一样。
“sharply”说明对比很强烈,在译文中,这一含义体现在“看得很清楚”里。
“had seen”是过去完成时,汉语没有时态的变化,故译文中加了“以前”两个字来表示时间顺序。

4. When you are a child of the mountains yourself, you really belong to them. You need them. ......如果你是在山里长大的,你肯定对山特别有感情,你离不开它。
整个这一段是作者的评论,全是一般现在时。
把“You need them”译作“你离不开它”是反译,这样译感情更强烈。

(二)参考译文:
《音乐之声》(摘录2)
玛丽亚.奥古斯塔.特拉普
吃过晚饭,人家对我说晚上没有事,可以把行李打开,安顿安顿。
其实,用了不过五分钟就把行李打开丁。一把牙刷,几件内衣,那件棕色丝绒长裙,好像一个大口袋,难看得要命,还有十几本书,这些东西很快就都放好了。那个挎包和那顶小帽子让我扔到衣柜最暗的角落里去了。《新约全书》和《圣本尼狄克规章》,还有一个小十字架,就放在床头柜上。
随后我就来到窗口。在晚霞中,我看到一个大公园,近处是草地和一簇簇的大树,后面又是大片的草地。再远一点,在黄昏时分灰白色天空的衬托之下,乌特斯堡山的轮廓看得很清楚。乌特斯堡山是我喜爱的一座山,和我以前在农伯格每天见到的一模一样。从这里还可以看到另外那几座山:坦纳吉伯吉山、哈根吉伯吉山、斯涛芬山、瓦兹曼山。
看到这些山,我就感到舒服一些了。如果你是在山里长大的,你肯定对山特别有感情,你离不开它。它就成了你的忠实的保护者。即或你不能一生一世呆在那高高的山峰上,在你遇到困难的时候,就会觉得看一看它也好。
我像小学生一样,天真地给自己画了一个日历,上面有250天,这就是我需要在这家人家熬过的确切天数。第一天已经从日历上划掉了。在这个重要的日子结束的时候,我脑子里出现的最后一个想法是:不管怎么说,这不是我久居之地。我是人家雇来的。

三、找点活(续)
(一)解说:
1. 这一淋可糟了! That drenching nearly did for me!
原句很口语化,译好比较难。“drenching”由动词“drench”的动名词形式,其动词意为:(常用于被动语态)make (sb/sth) completely wet使(某人/某物)湿透 。
例:We were caught in the storm and got drenched through. 我们遇上了大雨,全都浇湿了。
“do for sb”也常用于被动语态,意为:ruin, destroy or kill sb/sth毁灭、破坏或杀死某人/某物。
例:Unless the Government provides more cash, the steel industry is done for. 除非政府提供更多的资金,否则钢铁工业准给毁了。

2. 脸上红得像抹了胭脂,周身疼,连翻身都疼,疼得像针扎! May face was as red as if rouged, my whole body ached, and turning over in bed hurt like being needled!
“as if rouged”是个省略形式,省略了“it was”,以免和“my face”重复。
“and”连接前后两个分句,不能因为原句中没有关联词而忘了在译文里添加关联词。

3. 我想起来了:我人小,排队时常常被人挤出来,有些人又常常故意捣乱,工头举起鞭子就打,常常因为打别人而捎带上我。I remembered: Because I'm young, people often jostle me out of the queue; and when some of them make trouble and the foreman whips them, he often lashes me too.
注意冒号后面的译文,时态发生了变化。
“jostle”意为:push roughly against (sb), usu in a crowd推、挤(某人)(通常用于人群中)。

4. 原来好是刚看了我演的《刘巧儿》。 She had just seen me playing in Liu Qiaoer, in which the heroine spins.
“in which the heroine spins”是为了让外国读者上一句话的含义而加上的。注意时态的变化,用了一般现在时,这是对剧情的描述。

(二)参考译文:
Looking for Work( Continued )
by Xin Fengxia
That drenching nearly did for me! 1That evening I ran a fever, burning hot one moment and icy cold the . My face was as red as if rouged, my whole body ached, and turning over in bed hurt ten being needled! I remembered: Because I'm young, people often jostle me out of the queue; and when some of them make trouble and the foreman whips them, he often lashes me too. In that crowd his whip falls on a whole lot of people, and it leaves blue and purple welts on your back. Now that I was ill I discovered the welts from his whip-they hurt so badly. But luckily I was only feverish one night, the morning I felt well enough to put on my gown with the number and go to work. Though I still ached all over, I had to work. And that evening I had to act. The whole family looked to Father and me for food.
All the older women in the East 'Asia Woollen Mill liked me and spoke well of me. Knowing that I was an actress they asked me to teach them to sing, and in turn they taught me to knit and gave me a book of patterns printed by the mill. After that I learned to knit seeaters of many kinds, acquiring a new skill.
After Liberation, I began to work in our own opera troupe, the China Pingju Theatre. Many oteher actresses in it learned to knit as well, mostly from me. For over twenty years I've knit all the woollen clothes for my husband and children. I learned how to do this in the East Asia Woollen Mill.
In 1962, when I went to perform in the Grand Chinese Theatre in Tianjin, a middle-aged woman worker came backstage to see me. It turned out that she was Big Sister Wang whom I'd known in the East Asia Woollen Mill. She was now a cadre there. She told me gaily, "You really have clever hands! You've stopped knitting now to take up spinning." She had just seen me playing in Liu Qiaoer, in which the heroine spins.
很通顺,故为了行文方便,采用反译法,即从相反的角度来译。
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