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程序风格的要素-C++风格指南

敬业的IT人 互联网 佚名 2008-1-3 19:31:54

  译者序:这是一篇写于1996年1月23日的文章,到现在已经有9个年头了,很陈旧,有可能跟不上形势,但是有些东西仍然值得现在的开发者学习,我翻译这篇文字仅供读者参考。

  原文链接:http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article708.asp

  文件

  头文件有".h"后缀。头文件包含类(class),结构(struct),和联合(union)的声明,枚举(enum)的声明,#define,typedef。

  实现文件有一个".cc" (UNIX) 或者".cpp" (Windows, DOS)后缀。实现文件包括函数和方法的实现。

  在头文件和源代码文件中安排一个页眉。页眉可以包含标题,作者,日期,和一些工程的信息,比如这个文件是配合整个工程的。

  一些名字

  通用C++字符的名字:

  (注:这些都是符号的英文原名,目前并没有完全标准化的汉语词汇对应,所以后面的翻译只是个人建议)

  {open brace, open curly左花括号}close brace, close curly 右花括号(open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号)close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号[open bracket 左方括号]close bracket 右方括号.period, dot 句号,点!exclamation point, bang, not 叹号,否|bar, vertical-bar, or, or-bar (actually a "vertical virgule") 竖线,按位或&ampersand, and, reference, ref 和,按位与,引用,取地址*asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号,乘号,星,指针/slash, divide 斜线,除号//slash-slash, comment 双斜线,注释符#pound 井号 (宏:#,参考 把符号转化为字符串的宏技巧)backslash, (sometimes "escape") 反斜线,(有时候做转义符)(还有一个:续行符)~tilde 按位取反

  基本类型 "char" 通常发音是"charcoal."的首音节。有时念作 "care" 或者 "car."

  名字和排版

  命名约定的名字

  • interspersed_underscores 中间下划线
  • lowercaseMixedCapital 小写混合(首字母)大写;
  • CapitalMixedCapital (首字母)大写混合(首字母)大写;
  • ALL_UPPERCASE 全部大写
  •   命名约定的应用

  • enumeration_item_name 枚举,小写加下划线;
  • variableName 变量,小写前缀加首字母大写后缀;
  • TypeName, ClassName, MethodName() 类型名,类名,方法名,首字母大写前后缀;
  • UnixFileName.cc Unix/Linux文件名:每个单词首字母大写;
  • dosfn.cpp windows/dos文件名:全部小写;
  • POUND_DEFINES 宏定义,全部大写;
  •   自成档代码(也就是没有文档,仅靠注释和代码说明的源代码文件)

  • 程序中为每个名字使用完整拼写.
  •   避免直接使用数字(Magic number)

  • 不允许出现除了0(有时也包括1)之外的数字常量. 使用常变量或者宏定义(#defines).
  •   空白

  • 空格(按空格键得到) ;
  • 新行(按回车键得到) ;
  • 制表符(tab) (用8个空格代替) ;
  •   空白和排版

  • 左花括号之后, 每行缩进4个空格直到对应的右花括号出现.;
  • 如果if, while, 或 for 后面没有跟花括号, 下一行缩进两个空格;
  • 冒号结尾的语句,反向缩进两个空格(public, case);
  • 保留字(if, else, class, struct) 前后要加1个空格除非已经因为新行或者特殊标点做了缩进;
  • 运算符和比较符前后要有一个空格 (除了!之外);
  • 指针变量 (&,*) 声明的时候要前后加一个空格;
  • 指针变量 (&,*) 在表达式中,前面(不是后面)要加一个空格llowed) ;
  • 左圆括号后要加一个空格;
  •   换行

  • 在下面这些关键字后的左花括号后要换行: class, struct, union, enum, method, function (而不是: if, else, do, for, while, switch--- 这些的花括号后只要1个空格.)
  • 方法(method),函数( function), if, else, do, for, while, switch的右花括号后要换行;
  • class, struct, union的右花括号后要换行并插入新空行。.(原文有写Semi-colon,不理解含义);
  • 左花括号后要换行.
  •   注释

  • 注释总是从当前缩进开始 "//" 然后紧接一个空格;
  • 注释中不允许其他注释;
  • 注释要加在注释的对象之后. (译者注:原文 Comments always preceed the construct they address );
  • 注释中使用完整语句;
  • 用于声明的时候,注释可以使用祈使句;
  • 上面这些,是你的代码看起来舒服的指南,也是你的代码更具可读性的指南.

      头文件示例:

    // MODULE NAME: ClassName.h
    //   PROJECT: CS1344-1,2 Course Notes
    //    AUTHOR: Neill Kipp
    //     DATE: January 1, 1996
    // DESCRIPTION: This file presents examples of naming and
    // indentation style in a C++ class declaration. This title
    // information is minimal.
    // The following prevents files from being included
    // twice. It is a naming exception designed to emulate a file name
    // (period is not a name character; underscore is).
    #ifndef ClassName_h
    #define ClassName_h
    // This directive includes the superclass declaration.
    #include "super.h"
    // This directive includes another class declaration.
    #include "other.h"
    // The comment for an enumeration declaration precedes the declaration.
    enum OverflowState
    {
      // Each item''s comment precedes it at the same indentation as the item.
      no_overflow,
      
      // Follow the last item with a comma;
      // it helps avoid syntax errors when adding or rearranging items.
      overflow_occurred,
    };
    // This class shows how naming conventions and comments are used in a
    // simple class declaration. Whitespace precedes and follows reserved
    // words (like "public").
    class ClassName
    {
      // After a brace, indent four spaces.
      // The description of the variable "memberData" goes here.
      int memberData;
      // If a line ends in single colon, reverse-indent two spaces.
     public:
      // The constructor gives initial values to member data.
      ClassName();
      // The destructor guarantees clean deallocation.
      // The tilde (~) is part of the method name. It is not an operator.
      ~ClassName();
      // This method increments the member variable by the value in "howMuch"
      // and returns TRUE if overflow is detected (FALSE otherwise). Method
      // comments tell what the method does, what the arguments are,
      // and what the method returns.
      OverflowState IncrementMemberVariable( int howMuch);
      
      // Prints message about overflow.
      void ShowOverflow( OverflowState overflow);
    };
    #endif
    源代码文件示例:// MODULE NAME: ClassName.cc
    //   PROJECT: CS1344-1,2 Course Notes
    //    AUTHOR: Neill Kipp
    //     DATE: January 1, 1996
    // DESCRIPTION: This file presents examples of naming and
    // indentation style in a C++ class implementation. This title
    // information is minimal.
    // This directive includes header information for the "ClassName" class.
    #include "ClassName.h"
    ClassName::ClassName()
    {
      // Initialize member data (statement comments are in the imperative,
      // and preceed the statement). Suggestion: write the comments first, then
      // write the code.
      memberData = 0;
    }
    // The return type appears on the first line,
    // followed by the class name colon-colon on the second,
    // and finally the method name on the last. Then a newline, an open brace
    // and then indent. Notice the space after the open parenthesis. It helps
    // the eye catch the type name.
    OverflowState
    ClassName::IncrementMemberVariable( int howMuch)
    {
      // Check the overflow condition.
      if ( TOO_BIG - memberVariable > howMuch) {
    // If overflow, return that overflow occurred.
    return overflow_occurred;
      } else {
    // Otherwise, return overflow is ok.
    return overflow_none;
      }
    }
    // This code implements the ShowOverflow method.
    void
    ClassName::ShowOverflow( OverflowState overflow)
    {
      // Switch is a reserved word. It is followed by a space.
      switch ( overflow) {
    // Lines ending in a colon reverse indent two spaces.
       case no_overflow:
    // Display message about no overflow.
    cout << "No overflow occurred.
    ";
    break;
       case overflow_occurred:
    // Display message that overflow occurred.
    cout << "Warning: overflow occurred.
    ";
    break;
      }
    }
    其他例子:// Note the spacing and indentation in the for statement.
    for ( whichItem = 0; whichItem < BIG_NUMBER; whichItem++) {
      DoSomething( whichItem);
    }
    // Bang is not followed by a space.
    while ( !SemaphoreOK()) {
      DoWaitForSemaphore( LONG_TIME);
    }

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